chemistry

• Distillation - a separation technique which involves heating up a solution until it evaporates into vapour, then condensing this vapour back into a liquid.
• The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number, with elements that have similar properties grouped together.
• The periodic table is organised into periods, which are rows that contain elements with similar properties.
• Ionic bonds form between atoms when one atom transfers electrons to another atom.
• Filtration - a separation technique used to separate solids from liquids by passing them through a filter paper
• Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration.
• Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water (H2O).
• Non-metals do not react with oxygen at room temperature but will burn if heated strongly enough.
• Hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular force caused by hydrogen's small size allowing it to be attracted strongly to other molecules or groups containing oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
• Metals tend to be found towards the left-hand side of the periodic table, while non-metals can be found towards the right-hand side.
• Atomic structure consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Non-metals do not react with oxygen at room temperature but can be burnt in an atmosphere of oxygen to produce non-metal oxides.
• Emulsion - a mixture of two immiscible liquids with one dispersed throughout the other
• Metallic bonding occurs within metal structures where positively charged metal ions are held together by the attraction to delocalized sea of electrons.
• Groups or columns in the periodic table contain elements with similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons.
• Metalloids (also known as semi-conductors) have some metallic and some non-metallic characteristics.
• Metals react vigorously with oxygen to produce metal oxides.
• Metals react vigorously with acids to produce hydrogen gas and salt.
• Electrolysis - a process whereby a chemical reaction is carried out using electricity as the energy source
• Non-metal oxides can be acidic or basic depending on their structure.
• Metal oxides can be reduced back to their original metals using carbon or hydrogen as reducing agents.
• Carbon dioxide is produced during combustion reactions involving organic compounds.
• Acidic non-metal oxides dissolve in water to release H+ ions and form an acid.
• The strength of ionic bonds depends on the charge of the ions involved and their distance apart.
• Water vapor is formed during combustion reactions involving organic compounds.
• Metal oxides are basic as they dissolve in acid to release metal cations and hydroxide ions.
• Neutrons have no charge and are also located in the nucleus of an atom.
• Ionic compounds are formed when a metal reacts with a non-metal.
• Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water
• Protons are positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.
• The properties of metals include being good conductors of heat and electricity, having high melting points, being malleable and ductile, and forming positive ions when they react with acids.
• The periodic table is organized into periods (rows), groups (columns), and blocks based on atomic structure and electron configuration.
• The periodic table is organized based on atomic mass, electron configuration, and increasing nuclear charge.
• The melting point of metals increases as we move down group 1 because there are more valence electrons that need to overcome electrostatic forces between positive nuclei and negative electrons.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture that has a solute dissolved into a solvent.
• Ionic compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals.
• Homogenous mixtures have uniform composition throughout, such as solutions, alloys, and compounds.
• Electron configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
• Suspension - a heterogeneous mixture where solid particles are suspended in a liquid
• The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.