extraction of metals

• Blister copper can be refined further using the Parkes process or electrolysis.
• Copper is extracted from copper sulfide ore by smelting with silica to produce blister copper, which contains impurities such as arsenic.
• Electrolysis uses an electric current to separate impurities from molten copper.
• Electrolysis is used to purify copper by passing an electric current through molten copper oxide dissolved in slag.
• Copper is used as a conductor of electricity due to its high electrical conductivity.
• Aluminium is extracted from bauxite ore containing aluminium hydroxide by digesting it with sodium hydroxide solution under pressure to form aluminate ions.
• The cathode (negative) attracts electrons, while the anode (positive) repels them.
• Oxygen gas forms at the anode due to the loss of oxygen atoms.
• Carbon is used as a reducing agent because it has a low electronegativity compared to oxygen.
• Copper has good thermal conductivity and is resistant to corrosion.
• Silicon dioxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form silicon carbide, which is removed during the Bayer process.
• Copper is used in alloys like brass (copper-zinc) and bronze (copper-tin).
• Copper is also used in coins, roofing materials, pipes, wiring, and plumbing fixtures.
• Carbon is added to the melted mixture to remove oxygen and reduce the alumina to pure aluminium metal.
• The aluminate ions are then treated with cryolite (Na3[AlF6]) to lower the melting point of the mixture.
• In electrolysis, the metal atoms are reduced at the cathode, forming pure metal.
• Oxygen gas forms at the anode during electrolysis.
• Pure aluminium is obtained at the bottom of the cell, while the remaining liquid is removed from the top.
• Aluminium is highly reactive and cannot be obtained directly from its elemental state.
• Aluminum metal forms on the cathode due to the gain of electrons.
• Silicon carbide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce silicon metal.
• Silicon tetrachloride vaporizes and condenses into liquid silicon tetrachloride.
• Copper is used in alloys such as brass and bronze.
• Copper is also used in coins and decorative objects.
• Sodium chloride can be obtained from seawater or rock salt deposits.
• Copper is toxic when ingested or inhaled.
• Chlorine gas is produced during electrolysis of brine using graphite electrodes.
• Sodium hydroxide dissolves aluminum oxide to produce soluble sodium aluminate.
• Bauxite contains hydrated aluminum oxides that are insoluble in water but can be converted into soluble compounds using caustic soda or lime.
• Aluminum is extracted from bauxite ore using electrolysis.
• The electrolysis of copper sulfate produces pure copper metal.
• Aluminum is extracted from bauxite ore using the Hall-Heroult process.
• Bauxite contains aluminum oxide, iron oxides, titanium oxide, and other impurities.
• Bauxite contains aluminum oxides that are reduced by carbon to produce molten aluminum.
• Aluminium is lightweight, strong, ductile, malleable, and non-magnetic.
• Sodium hydroxide solution is added to dissolve alumina and remove impurities.
• The molten salt solution acts as both the electrode material and the electrolyte.
• Electrolysis is carried out using carbon electrodes, where the anode is made from petroleum coke and the cathode is made from graphite.
• The electrolysis of molten sodium chloride produces sodium at the negative electrode and chlorine gas at the positive electrode.
• The anodes dissolve into the molten salt solution, releasing fluorine gas.