additional ppts

• Clauses

  • Groups of words with a subject and a verb​

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• Phrase

  • do not contain subject and a verb
• Two Types of Clauses​

  1. Independent

  • Can stand alone as they express complete thoughts​
  • 2. Dependent
  • Subordinate Clause​
  • Cannot stand alone as they do not express complete thoughts​
• 3 Types of Subordinate Clauses​

  1. Adjective Clause​
  2. Adverb
  3. Noun
• Adjective Clause​

  • functions as an adjective​
  • introduced by special words called relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, that, which)​
• Adverb Clause​

  • functions as an adverb​
  • introduced by subordinating conjunctions (after, before, if, since, until...)​
• Noun Clause​

  • dependent clause that functions as a noun​

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• Sentences According to Function

  1. Declarative
  2. Imperative
  3. Interrogative
  4. Exclamatory
• Declarative

  • makes a statement and ends with a period.​
• Imperative

  • Gives a command; it usually ends with a period, but may also end with an exclamation point.​
• Interrogative

  • asks a question​
  • always ends with a question mark​
• Exclamatory

  • indicates a strong emotion​
  • ends with an exclamation mark​
• Sentences According to Structure​

  1. Simple Sentence​
  2. Compound Sentence​
  3. Complex Sentence
  4. Compound Complex
• Simple Sentence

  • contains only one independent clause​
  • no subordinate clauses​
  • expresses only one main idea​
• Compound Sentence

  • 2 independent clauses​
  • no subordinate clauses​
  • clauses are connected with a comma and a coordinating conjunction / semicolon​
  • can express two or more main ideas​
• Coordinating conjunction

  • words that glue together similar words, phrases, or clauses​
  • for, and, nor, but, or, yet so​
• Complex Sentence

  • 1 independent clause, at least 1 dependent clause​
  • uses a subordinating conjunction to combine its clauses​

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• Compound-Complex

  • compound + complex ​
  • 2 or more independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause​

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• Paragraph

  • Greek word "paragraphos"​
  • ​to write beside or written beside​
  • piece of writing that focuses on one topic or idea​

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• Elements of  a Paragraph​

  1. Coherence
  2. Unity
  3. Emphasis
• Unity

  • Unified paragraph makes a clear reading​
  • Discussion starts with the beginning sentence and ends with the last​
  • Nothing in-between to distract the readers​
  • Sticks to the purpose for which it is written​
• Order

  • orderly movement of ideas refer to the relationships of the sentences in the paragraph​
  • there are 5 types of orderly relationships of sentences​
  • Time of chronological relationships​

  Events are presented in the natural order by which they occur, like first, second, next, and so on until the last​

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• COHERENCE AND COHESION​

  • Connection of the sentences and ideas in your text​
• EMPHASIS​

  • Highlight the ideas you with to emphasize​
  • May be secured by repetition, development of important ideas through plenty of details, allotment of more space to the more important ideas​
• Topic Sentence​

  • The most important sentence in the paragraph​
  • States the central idea ​
  • Usually a generalization​
  • May be implied or expressed

  a. Sample paragraph of topic sentence that is placed in the first part​

  b. Topic sentence placed in the middle (preceded and followed by development sentence)​

   c. Topic sentence that is placed in the end part (last second to last sentence)​

  d. It can also be both at the beginning and at the end, expressed in negative or oraffirmative ways, or just re-stated at the end​
• Supporting Details​

  • Every paragraph needs supporting details to elaborate on the topic sentence​
  • May range from facts, examples, or instances​
• Supporting Details

  • Descriptive - tells how something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes​
  • Observation and descriptive details are means by which observations are reported​
  • Narrative - details give specific pieces of action which tell the sequence of what is taking place or what occurred ​
  • Illustrative - details explain, illustrate with specific examples or instances, define, interpret, or paraphrase a general statement to make its meaning clearer ​
• Concluding Statement

  • Final sentence of a paragraph​
  • Summarize key ideas​
  • Provide comments or suggestions​
  • Give the paragraph proper closure​
• How to Start and End a Paragraph:

  1. Start with a topic sentence. Ask and answer the question, "What is the main idea of my paragraph?"​
  2. Provide details and examples that show the main idea is correct​
  3. . Explain how the details and examples you chose prove your topic sentence is true​
  4. Check the length. It should be around 5 sentences long. ​
• 2. Starting and Ending a Paragraph​

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  • A good beginning arouses the reader's interest and curiosity​
  • It is a COME ON​
  • It invites a person to read right away because it is irresistible​
• Ways to begin a paragraph

  • Using a quotation​
  • Using an intriguing statement​
  • Using an anecdote or an incident​
  • Using a question​
• Ways to end a paragraph

  • Using a brief summary​
  • Using a quotation​
  • Using a challenge to act​
  • Using a question​