MIDTERM

• Discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants
• Advancements in science and technology changed people's perception and beliefs. Much of these events happened in a period now known as the intellectual revolution.
• The developments during the intellectual revolution showed society was transformed by science and technology
• In the early days, people questioned what created days and nights
• The invention of telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was actually out there.
• Intellectual Revolution


  It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people where challenged and opposed.
• 16th century


  Time period of questioning the heavenly bodies
• Age of reason


  Intellectual revolution is also called
• In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the Ptolemaic model which described the absolute perception of the universe with the Earth as its center which was thought to be true by most people at that time
• Ptolemy believed that the earth was at the center. It is a concept known as geocentrism. It was one of the greatest discoveries at that time
• Many of the philosophers agreed that that the earth moved in a circular motion
• Claudius Ptolemy stated that the planets, as well as the moon and sun moved in a circular motion around the earth
• Tycho Brahe observed the star, Cassiopeia
• Johannes Kepler said that all planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center
• Galileo Galilei developed his own telescope and observed Venus
• Isaac Newton is the proponent of the law of gravitation
• The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened through the contributions of different persons.

  • Tycho Brahe
  • Johannes Kepler
  • Galileo Galilei
  • Isaac Newton
• In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the ptolemaic model
• Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the concept of the heliocentrism which suggested that the sun was the center of the solar system.
• Heliocentrism was rejected at first by the public. It appalled people because their religious belief taught them that the earth was created first.
• Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were against what was widely accepted by religion
• After some time, astronomers realized that the Copernican model simplified the orbits of the planets. It also answered issues the geocentric model couldn't answer
• Heliocentrism was eventually accepted by the people in a period which is called the birth of modern astronomy. This era began what was known as the scientific revolution which resulted in the transformation of society's thoughts and beliefs
• The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.
• In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist, published his book, On the Origin of Species.
• On the Origin of Species. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive.
• Charles Darwin stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution.
• The theory of evolution became very controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church's teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator.
• The theory of evolution emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth's creation. Because of this conflict, the people were divided some believed that the theory explained the origin of life, but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it.
• It even sparked a massive debate between science and religion. It was only after some time that people came to understand that Darwin's theory of evolution was not in fact against the teachings of the church and both can coexist.
• In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy.
• Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science.
• In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people's perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
• Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior.
• In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions.
• Freud also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego.
• Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since its concepts were more philosophical and supernatural.
• Many believed that Freud's theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.
• Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and ni fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.
• The theory of evolution has two main points:

  1. ) All life on Earth is connected and related to each other.
  2. ) This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by natural selection.