other source

• Needs and Wants


  Ancient civilizations' inventions and discoveries were due to the ________ and _______ of the people to make life easier

  
  

  they were simple, practical, and cultural
• Science as an idea


  It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
• Science as an intellectual activity


  It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
• Science as a Body of Knowledge


  It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science
• Science as a Personal and Social Activity


  This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people's lives.
• Nicolaus Copernicus


  A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

  
  

  proved heliocentric theory
• Curiosity, Creativity, Critical Thinking


  3 Cs that drove scientists in the Intellectual revolution
• Thought Experiment


  an experiment carried out only in the imagination; it is how Copernicus made his theory of heliocentrism
• Claudius Ptolemy


  He believed that the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and that the sun and other planets revolved around the Earth.
• 1543


  Year Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory; start of Intellectual Revolution
• Intellectual Revolution/Scientific Revolution


  A period where paradigm shifts occurred and where scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed.

  
  

  Age of Reason
• Charles Darwin


  English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

  
  

  provided a different theory of Creation
• HMS Beagle


  5 yr trip to map the coast of S. America, Darwin studied a wide variety of plants and animals in the Islands of Galapagos
• The Origin of Species


  1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce
• Natural Selection


  A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
• Sigmund Freud

  Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
• Psychoanalysis


  Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions and release repressed emotions
• Id


  a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
• Ego


  the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
• Superego


  the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
• Information Age/Computer Age


  The era in which the rapid creation and global transfer of information through mass communication contribute to the globalization of knowledge.
• Alan Turing


  1936: English mathematician who conceived of the Turing machine and broke German codes during World War II
• Chinampa


  Raised fields/islands constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields and maximize space
• Aztec Calendar


  365 days, divided into 18 months each with 20 days.
• Aztec civilization


  -Military force

  -Chinampa - agricultural technique

  - farming around small lakes

  Aztec calendar, canoe

  
  

  children were mandated to get education regardless of social class
• Aztec Cocoa bean


  they turned it into a rich chocolate drink and added chillies to make it spicy; they even had a god of chocolate
• Antipasmodic medication


  invented by Aztecs to prevent muscle spasms which could help in surgery
• Maya civilization


  A major civilization of Mesoamerica known for the most elaborate writing system in the Americas and other intellectual and artistic achievements; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.

  
  

  advanced astrology, architecture, calendar, and etc
• Mayan Hieroglyphics


  Writing system of the Mayans

  
• Mayan Calendar

  solar calendar of 365.242 days (17 seconds off of today), ritual calendar of 260 days
• Tlatchli


  Mayan ball game using rubber
• Cocoa beans


  Mayas used it as money
• Inca civilization


  developed Quipu and Mita system; centered in Peru and lasted from 1438-1533 AD

  
  

  they created the first suspension bridge

  
• Inca Calendar


  has 12 months, of 30 days (360 a year) to mark their Religious festivals and prepare them for planting season
• Quipu


  An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

  
• Mita system


  The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. developed by Incas
• Asian Revolution


  - improved economics and developments in metallurgical (iron) works
• Alchemy


  a Taoist chemistry in the Asian revolution (goal is to achieve immortality and or gain longer life; used in religious setting
• Ayurveda


  a system of traditional medicine, understood as a teaching transmitted from the sages still practiced today as alternate medicine
• Susruta Samhita


  describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India; father of Indian medicine