Diet related issues

• What is obesity?


  - diet related disease = body contains too much stored fat
• Why are health experts concerned about obesity?

  more people are becoming obese over the world
• How is obesity caused?

  by not being in energy balance (you take in lots of energy than you use)
• What happens if a person gets more energy than they use every day?

  energy not used = stored as fat = gradually become overweight + eventually obese
• What foods are energy dense? 4 examples

  - processed foods

  - ready meals

  - snack foods

  - fast foods
• What does energy dense mean?

  high in calories (high fat)
• Why are processed foods (and other examples) energy dense?

  contain lots of hidden fat + sugar
• What happens if stored energy is not used up?

  it will remain in body , unless you exercise
• What happens to stored fat in the body?

  - build up under skin (adipose fat) + inside body around abdomen + intestines (visceral fat)
• What happens to the visceral fat inside the body?

  pushes up diaphragm (bottom of ribs) = squashes lungs = difficult to breathe
• What does the extra weight carried by the body do?

  puts stress + strain on heart , blood vessels, liver , kidneys, skeleton + muscles
• What can obesity lead to? 6 examples

  - type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease

  - breathing difficulties + cancer

  - arthritis (joints in knees + hips wear out = very painful)
• How can you prevent / treat obesity? 3 points

  - person needs to be in energy balance = prevent weight gain

  - take in less energy from food than used every day = lose stored body fat

  - increase physical activity at same time as eating less energy that used = use up stored energy more quickly
• What are cardiovascular diseases?


  diseases of the heart and blood vessels
• What does the heart do?

  continually pumps blood , containing oxygen, nutrients + glucose (for energy) to parts of body.
• What needs to happen to the coronary arteries, in order for heart to work properly?

  needs to be clear inside = allow blood to pass through them

  - if not cleared = CHD (coronary heart disease) develops
• What is hyper tension?

  high blood pressure
• What may happen if blood pressure is consistently high over period of time? 3 points

  lead to CHD (coronary heart disease) , strokes (blood clot in brain), damage to eyes + kidneys
• What causes Coronary heart disease (CHD)? 6 points

  - too much salt intake

  - being overweight / obese

  - drinking lots of alcohol

  - family history

  - being sedentary ( not moving a lot)

  - smoking cigarettes
• How can too much salt intake lead to CHD?

  changes volume + consistency of blood = heart has to work harder to pump it round body = can lead to heart attack
• How can being overweight / obese lead to CHD?

  extra body weight = put strain on heart as it pumps blood around body
• How can being sedentary lead to CHD?

  less physical activity = heart muscles are weak + not healthy
• How can smoking lead to CHD?

  changes consistency of blood = may make it clot in blood vessel = blocking it = risk of heart attack
• What causes High blood pressure (hypertension)?

  same as for CHD (coronary heart disease)
• What happens to arteries if someone has CHD?

  - fatty deposits (plaques) block coronary arteries = prevents blood flowing properly to heart muscle
• What can a high intake of saturated fat lead to? 2 points

  - fatty deposits (plaques) blocking coronary arteries

  - increases levels of cholesterol = Build up + block coronary arteries that supply heart muscle with blood + oxygen
• What produces a heart attack?

  - If heart muscles not receive enough oxygen from blood cause arteries blocked = heart muscles stop working
• What happens inside body if someone always has high blood pressure (hypertension)?

  lining of blood vessels = less flexible = harder for heart to pump blood around these vessels.
• How can you treat / prevent CHD and Hypertension? 6 points

  - eat less salt

  - limiting alcohol intake

  - losing weight (regular exercise)

  - reduce stress levels

  - not smoking

  - eating foods containing antioxidant vitamins (ACE)
• What are the 3 types of skeletal diseases?

  - rickets

  - osteoporosis

  - tooth decay
• What is rickets in children?

  - In children, deficiency of vitamin D = not enough calcium absorbed
• What is osteomalacia?


  In adults = lack of vitamin D = bones becoming weakened
• What does Osteoporosis mean?

  porous bones (weak / fragile)
• Why are teeth important?

  break down food = digest food + absorb nutrients
• What causes Rickets?


  - lack of vitamin D = not enough exposure to sunlight (staying indoors too much)
• What happens to young peoples' body if they have rickets? 2 points

  - bones + teeth = not enough calcium to reach peak bone mass (maximum strength)

  - bones = not strong enough = leg bones will bend under weight of body.
• How can you treat / prevent rickets? 2 points

  - diet has enough calcium + other minerals + sources of vitamin D

  - skin exposed to sunlight on regular basis
• What causes Osteoperosis?


  - family history = more at risk of Osteoporosis
• When are effects of Osteoporosis really bad?

  If bones never reached peak bone mass when person was younger
• What happens to body if someone has Osteoporosis? 2 points

  - bones become porous + weak = likely to break

  - very painful + bone weakness = may become bent over