Geography

• The main types of weathering are physical, chemical, and biological.
• Physical weathering is caused by the action of water, ice, wind, temperature changes, gravity, and plant roots.
• Chemical weathering occurs when rocks react with substances such as carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and acids produced by plants.
• Physical weathering is caused by the action of water, ice, wind, temperature changes, and gravity.
• Chemical weathering occurs when rocks react with substances such as carbon dioxide or oxygen to form new minerals.
• Biological weathering involves the activity of living organisms like animals, insects, fungi, bacteria, lichens, mosses, ferns, and algae.
• Biological weathering involves the activity of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria that break down rock surfaces through their actions.
• Weathering can be classified into two categories based on its effect on rock structure - disintegration or decomposition.
• Biological weathering involves organisms like lichens, mosses, fungi, bacteria, insects, animals, and humans that break down rock surfaces through their activities.
• Disintegration refers to the breaking up of rocks without changing their composition, while decomposition involves the breakdown of minerals within the rock.
• Biological weathering is caused by living organisms like animals and plants.
• Rock type affects how easily it can be eroded or weathered.
• Erosion is the process whereby solid material is removed from one place to another.
• Igneous rock is formed from molten material that has cooled and solidified.
• Weathering can be classified into two categories based on its effect on rock structure - disintegration and decomposition.
• Biological weathering involves the activity of living organisms like animals, insects, fungi, bacteria, and algae that break down rock surfaces through their activities.
• Disintegration breaks up rocks without changing their composition, while decomposition chemically changes the mineral content of rocks.
• Weathering can be classified into two categories based on the type of force involved - physical weathering and chemical weathering.
• The process of chemical weathering can be accelerated by biological agents such as microorganisms, which produce organic acids that dissolve minerals in rocks.
• Disintegration refers to the breaking up of rocks without changing their chemical composition.
• Factors that influence weathering include climate, vegetation cover, relief, soil type, parent material, time, and human activities.
• Factors affecting weathering include climate, vegetation cover, soil moisture content, relief, parent material, time, and human influence.
• Plants also contribute to chemical weathering by releasing chemicals from their root systems into soil water, causing mineral breakdown.
• Decomposition involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles due to chemical reactions.
• Animals play a role in physical weathering by burrowing into rocks and breaking them apart.
• The rate of weathering depends on factors such as climate, vegetation cover, soil type, topography, and geology.
• Mosses are small non-flowering plants that grow on damp soil and rocks, forming green carpets over large areas.
• Mechanical weathering is caused by physical processes such as freezing and thawing, expansion and contraction due to temperature changes, and abrasion from wind-blown sand and gravel.
• Freeze-thaw action causes water to expand upon freezing, exerting pressure against the surrounding rock and causing it to crack.
• Living organisms such as animals, insects, fungi, bacteria, lichens, mosses, ferns, and algae contribute to biological weathering.
• Climate plays an important role in determining the amount of water available for chemical weathering processes.
• The three main types of erosion are water erosion (including coastal erosion), wind erosion, and ice erosion.
• Expansion and contraction occur due to temperature fluctuations, leading to cracks and fractures in the rock surface.
• The rate at which rocks are weathered depends on factors such as climate, vegetation cover, relief, and time.
• Fungi are decomposers that feed on dead organic matter and play an important role in nutrient cycling.
• Vegetation cover influences the speed of biological weathering.
• Sedimentary rock forms when sediments are compacted together over time.
• The effects of biological weathering include the formation of soil, the creation of caves and tunnels, and the alteration of rock texture.
• Solution weathering occurs when water dissolves soluble materials such as carbonates and sulfates.
• Water erosion occurs when rainfall removes soil particles from an area, carrying them away with runoff water.