RAWS

• Reading


  Complex cognitive process, transmission of images, language skill, can be developed through constant practice, not an effortless task
• Reading process


  1. Pre-reading

  2. While-reading

  3. Post-reading
• Pre-reading


  • To induce the readers' motivation to read, to activate the readers' background knowledge
• While-reading


  • Rereading the text to fully understand
• Post-reading


  • Checking the understanding of the text
• Basic reading skills


  • Vocabulary acquisition
  • Pre-reading strategies
  • Textual comprehension
  • Organizational skills
  • Response techniques
• Rapid reading


  Aims to locate the specific info or main idea in a very short span of time
• Skimming


  Getting the main idea
• Scanning


  Getting the specific info
• Previewing


  Focuses on the info that readers' find relevant, involves clarifying the purpose, reading the titles and headlines, checking visuals/illus
• Inferential reading


  Deducting facts or ideas that are not directly expressed in the text, reading between the lines
• Literal reading


  Understanding the ideas and facts that are directly stated in the text, involves summarizing and paraphrasing
• Critical reading


  Close & thorough eval of the claims in the text, relevance, validity, and logic, involves distinguishing facts from opinions, detecting logical fallacies
• Types of reading


  • Developmental
  • Pleasure
  • Functional
  • Remedial
• Patterns of development


  Logical arrangement of ideas that helps you to follow ideas easily, as well as to recognize and predict ideals to understand a text better
• Definition


  Clarifies the ideas by answering "What does it means?", signal words: is defined as, refers to, to define, means, to illustrate
• Exemplification/Classification


  Represents the gen statement, provides examples to expound/clarify the main idea, signal words for exemplification: After all, in other words, stated differently, that is, specifically, signal words for classification: Another, the next type, one kind
• Description


  Provides details on the idea by using sensory or spatial pattern, signal words: Above, on, inside, amidst, over
• Chronology/Procedure/Listing


  Organizes ideas chronologically according to time, which can be narration, process, or enumeration, signal words for chronology/procedure: As soon as, first, at this point, next, eventually, signal words for listing: Additionally, again, likewise, furthermore, next, as well
• Cause&Effect/Problem-Solution


  Organizes details based on the cause (prob) and the result (solution), signal words for cause: because, since, one reason, signal words for effect: therefore, because, thus, hence, signal words for prob-solu: nonetheless, one way is, but
• Comparison&Contrast


  Organizes ideas based on how similar or different the two concepts are, signal words for comparison: Similarly, in the same way, equally, like, also, both, signal words for contrast: Although, but, unlike, otherwise, on the other hand, despite
• Persuasion


  To show how set of evidence leads to logical conclusion, 3 essential elements: issue, position, and supporting evidences, signal words for emphasizing a point: truly, indeed, in fact, to repeat, again, signal words for conceding a point: obviously, undoubtedly, certainly, assurely, to be sure
• Plagiarism


  Presenting someone else's work as your own, borrowing idea without giving credits, copying and pasting, not a crime but can be punished by law, Copyright Infringement under Section 217 of R.A. No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code
• Summarizing


  Putting the main idea(s) into your own words, MAIN POINTS only, shorter than the orig text, same intended meaning with the orig text, tips: do not copy word for word, present broad overview, give credit, steps: skim read the info, use dictionary if necessary, reread, write notes in point form, start writing from your notes, go back to the orig text and check if it reflects the writer's ideas
• Paraphrasing


  Putting a passage from source into your own words, same meaning, change of words, sentences are restructured, longer than the orig text, tips: do not copy word for word, change the words of a text but retain the orig meaning, give credit, steps: underline any important subject-specific words, look for difficult words and find the synonyms, find ways to express the info, rewrite, simplify witout changing the meaning, write paraphrase from your memory, revise and compare it to the original
• Direct quoting


  Exact copy of words from a source, usually a short part of a text, use when a text conveys a powerful message, you want to begin your discussion with the authors stand, to highlight the authors expertise
• Evaluating sources


  To find the best info to support your ideas, requires careful evaluation, criteria: relevance to the topic, author's qualification, date of publication, accuracy of info, location of sources
• Citing sources


  To give credit to the author, to promote scholarly writing, to help the target audience identify your original sources, forms: reference citation, in-text citation (parenthetical, narrative)
• APA style


  Regulates style and language, document format, in-text citations, references, disciplines that use it: education, psychology, sciences, social sciences, guidelines: use clear and concise language, use the pronoun "I", use "they" instead of "he" or "she", use past tense verbs, avoid using languages that reveals sex, gender, race, disability, and socio-economic status, use specific and relevant ranges instead of using broad categories