chem

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and takes up space
• Classification of matter


  • Pure substance
  • Mixture
• Pure substance


  Made up of one type of particle; cannot be separated by physical means
• Mixture


  Made up of two or more pure substances; can be separated by physical means
• Matter is either a pure substance or a mixture
• Types of Mixtures


  • Homogeneous mixtures (solutions)
  • Heterogeneous mixture
• Homogeneous mixture (solution)


  Mixed uniformly; cannot see their components
• Homogeneous mixture (solution)


  • Air (nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen)
  • Steel (iron and other elements)
• Heterogeneous mixture


  Have different components that you can see
• Types of Pure Substances

  • Elements
  • Compounds
• Element


  Made up of one type of atom; cannot be broken down into simpler substances
• Compound


  Made up of two or more elements; can be broken down into simpler substances
• Molecule


  Substance made of 2 or more atoms, can be the same or different elements
• Compound


  Substance made of 2 or more different elements
• Properties of Matter


  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
• Physical properties


  Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical identity
• Physical properties


  • Colour
  • Texture
• Chemical properties


  Describe the ability of matter to react with another substance to form different substances
• Chemical properties


  • Combustibility
  • Lack of reactivity
• Chemical reaction


  One or more pure substances interact to form a different substance or substances
• Chemical reactions


  1. Elements can react to form compounds

  2. Compounds and elements can react to form new compounds

  3. Compounds can break apart to form elements and simpler compounds
• Lab Safety: Before You Begin

  1. Inform your teacher of any allergies or medical conditions

  2. Know the location of the nearest fire alarm, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, first-aid kit, safety shower, and eye wash station

  3. Read your lab assignment carefully and ask questions

  4. Understand the safety icons
• Lab Safety: Dressing the Part

  1. Wear protective clothing (lab coat, gloves, safety glasses) as directed

  2. Tie back long hair; secure or remove scarves, caps, ties, or long necklaces

  3. Wear closed-toe shoes
• Lab Safety: Acting Responsibly

  1. Never chew gum, eat, or drink in the lab

  2. Keep your work area tidy and clear

  3. Stay focused
• Lab Safety: Using Equipment


  1. Hold and carry equipment carefully

  2. Make sure your hands are dry when handling electrical equipment

  3. Report damaged equipment to your teacher immediately

  4. Place electrical cords where people will not trip over them
• Lab Safety: Working With Heat


  1. Understand how to light and use lab burners

  2. Point the open end of a container being heated away from yourself and others

  3. Do not allow a container to boil dry

  4. Handle hot objects carefully

  5. Apply cold water to a burn immediately, and inform your teacher
• Lab Safety: Working With Chemicals


  1. Read and understand all safety labels and WHMIS symbols

  2. Never taste any substances

  3. If you come in contact with any substance, inform your teacher and immediately wash the area with cold water

  4. If you get a substance in your eyes, wash them immediately for 15 minutes

  5. When smelling substances, never smell directly: hold the container in front of you and waft the fumes toward your nostrils
• Lab Safety: Cleaning Up

  1. Clean up any spills according to your teacher's instruction

  2. Clean equipment and glassware before you put it away

  3. Dispose materials as directed by your teacher

  4. Wash your hands once you have finished
• Elements are the building blocks of matter
• Elements


  • The basic building blocks of matter
  • Made up of one type of atom (cannot be broken down further)
  • About 90 elements occur naturally (carbon, silver, oxygen)
  • Some elements are synthesized in labs
  • Have varying properties
• Chemical name


  Based on Latin words, countries, names of famous scientists
• Chemical symbol


  • One or two letters (first letter is capitalized)
  • Synthetic or unnamed elements have placeholder names or three-letter symbols
• Elements can be organized by their properties
• Dmitri Mendeleev


  • Russian teacher and chemist
  • Looked at different ways to organize the elements
  • Wrote properties of elements on cards so he could rearrange them and compare properties ("chemical solitaire")
  • Properties included atomic mass (average mass of an atom of an element), density, and melting point
• Mendeleev's organization of elements

  1. Wrote properties of elements on cards

  2. Rearranged the cards

  3. Compared properties
• Mendeleev's table predicted the existence of yet-to-be-discovered elements
• Mendeleev used the properties of other elements in the same families to predict the properties of these elements
• The periodic table organizes the elements
• How the periodic table organizes elements

  Elements can be organized by their properties
• Mendeleev's periodic table


  • Ordered the elements by increasing atomic mass
  • Grouped elements into "families" based on similar properties (density, melting point)