EVO BIO CHAPTER 1

• Evolution - the genetic composition of population over time
• Mutation - more frequent in the population
• Genetic Drift - these chance changes from generation to generation
• Vesalius - understand the mechanisms of the natural world
• Harvey - believed that by envisioning living things as machines
• Paley - proponent of natural theology
• Steno - Fossils are evidence of past life
• Linnaeus - organized life into a nested heirarchy of classification
• Comte de Buffo - Earth is old, history is in natural processes
• Malthus- suggested that human population are subject to the basic laws of nature as other organisms
• Cuvier extinction happens during occasional catastrophic events on Earth
• Smith - using fossils Rock layers can be identified recognising the order in which they were formed
• Lamarck - evolution happens through natural processes, not miraculous interventions
• Theory of use and disuse - by using or not using body parts an individual tends to develop certain characteristics which it passes on to its offspring
• Von Baer - believed that embryology does not reflect a progression from lower to higher organisms but many organisms do have similar developmental stages
• Lyell - Uniformitarianism
• Catastrophism - volcanoes, floods, and earthquakes are examples of Catastrophic events
• Gradualism - it is the idea that changes on Earth occurred by small steps over long periods of time.
• Darwin - British naturalist, providing evidence that existing species have evolved from pre existing ones
• HMS Beagle - observed the similarities among many discrete species and noted the differences that enabled them to be adapted to their environment conditions
• Overproduction - each species produces more offspring than will survive maturity
• Variation - individuals in a population vary
• Competition - struggle for existence
• Differential Reproductive Success- individuals that possess more favorable characteristics are well adapted and will more likely to survive
• Microevolution - changes of a population over time
• Macroevolution - formation of species
• Five Related Theories

  • Perpetual Change
  • Common Descent
  • Multiplication of Species
  • Gradualism
  • Natural Selection
• Perpetual Change - the world and the organisms living in it are always changing.
• Common Descent - all forms of life descended from a common ancestors through a branching of lineages.
• Multipication of Species - new species are produced by the splitting and transforming of older species
• Natural Selection- differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment
• Mendel - concluded that inheritance does not involve blending parental traits but rather passing distinct genetics units from parents to offspring
• Haeckel - championed the idea that Common ancestry can be seen in the development of an organism.
• Wallace - found that species distribution is the result of its evolutionary history
• Wegener - proposed that continents once formed a supercontinent and have split apart and slowly moved to their present locations.
• Huxley - he is known as Darwin's Bulldog for his advocacy of Darwin's theory of evolution.
• Dubois - Dutch anatomist and geologist who discovered the remains of Java Man ( first known fossil of Homo erectus)
• Huxley and Dubois - gave weight to the theory that human were different in the past they evolved over time.
• Morgan - Chromosomes contain hereditary material.
• Fisher, Wright, and Haldane - prepared mathematical models in their studies of evolution