BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Cards (130)

  • Types of Skin Lesions
    • Macules
    • Papules
    • Plaques
    • Nodules
    • Urticaria
    • Vesicles
    • Pustules
    • Purpura
    • Ulcers
    • 10. Eschar
  • Pathogenic bacteria possess characteristics that enable them to circumvent the body's defenses and exploit its resources, resulting in infection
  • Bacterial infections spread by a variety of mechanisms: direct contact, ingestion, inhalation
  • Staphylococcus aureus
    Gram-positive cocci usually arranged in pairs, short chains, or in grape-like clusters, found in the skin and the nasopharynx, produces enzymes and toxins that contribute to its virulence and pathogenicity
  • Staphylococcus aureus

    • - Produces enzymes and toxins
    • Responsible for its invasiveness and pathogenicity
  • Clinical Findings of Staphylococcus aureus
    • Folliculitis
    • Furuncle
    • Carbuncle
    • Sty or hordeolum
    • Impetigo
    • Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter's Disease)
  • Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter's Disease)

    • Sudden onset of perioral erythema that covers the whole body within two days
    • Nikolsky sign - displacement of the skin when slight pressure is applied over the skin
    • Exfoliative toxin is responsible for the manifestation
    • 7-10 days - antibodies against exfoliative toxin are produced and enabling the skin to become intact again, only the outer layer of the epidermis is affected hence there will be no scarring
  • Laboratory Diagnosis for Staphylococcus aureus
    • Microscopic examination: Gram-stained (gram-positive cocci)
    • Culture: gray to golden yellow colonies
  • Treatment and Prevention for Staphylococcus aureus
    • Oxacillin - the only penicillin-derived antibiotics that has remained active against S. aureus
    • Incision and drainage
  • Patient Care for Staphylococcus aureus infections
    • Standard Precautions for skin, burn, and wound infections if they are minor
    2. Contact Precaution if major, SSSS (Staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome)
    3. Standard Precautions for infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
    4. Contact Precautions if wounds cannot be contained by dressings
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis
    Gram-positive bacteria and it is a part of the skin's normal flora, frequently linked to "stitch abscess", UTI, and endocarditis, it causes infections in people who utilize prosthetic equipment
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
    Gram-positive cocci, belong to group A beta-hemolytic (cause complete hemolysis of blood), M protein is the major virulence factor (anti-phagocytic), produces enzymes and toxins responsible for pathogenesis of infection
  • Clinical Manifestations of Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Erysipelas (St. Anthony's Fire)
    • Cellulitis
    • Necrotizing Fasciitis
  • Complications of Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Acute glomerulonephritis
    • Rheumatic fever
  • Laboratory Diagnosis for Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Microscopy - gram stain of infected tissue will show gram-positive cocci
    • Culture - positive beta hemolysis in blood agar
    • Bacitracin test - antibiotic susceptibility test
  • Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract
    • Common Cold
    • Tonsillopharyngitis
    • Croup
    • Influenza
    • Diphtheria
  • Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract
    • Chronic Bronchitis
    • Pneumonia
    • Pertussis
    • Tuberculosis
  • Tonsillopharyngitis
    Inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils
  • Tonsillopharyngitis
    • Seasonal occurrence
    • Children: 5-10 years
    • Adults: 18-20 years
  • Causative agent of Tonsillopharyngitis
    Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Mode of transmission for Tonsillopharyngitis
    Direct contact with large droplets or respiratory secretions
  • Clinical manifestations of Tonsillopharyngitis
    • Sudden onset of fever
    • Sore throat
    • Headache
    • Nausea
    • Malaise
    • Pain
    • Tonsillopharyngeal erythema
  • Laboratory diagnosis of Tonsillopharyngitis
    Culture of specimen obtained by swab of the posterior pharyngeal-tonsillar regions
  • Treatment and prevention of Tonsillopharyngitis
    • Penicillin
    • Erythromycin
    • Clindamycin
  • Diphtheria
    Serious infection caused by a bacteria that make toxin (poison)
  • Diphtheria
    • Can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death
  • Causative agent of Diphtheria
    Corynebacterium diphtheria
  • Incubation period of Diphtheria
    2 - 5 days
  • Period of communicability for Diphtheria
    Up to 3 weeks following onset of manifestations
  • Clinical findings of Diphtheria
    • Inflammation of respiratory tract
    • Sore throat
    • Fever
    • Thick, gray, adherent pseudomembrane over the tonsils & throat
    • Extension of the membrane into the larynx and trachea causing airway obstruction
  • Clinical findings of Diphtheria (continued)
    • Obstruction may cause suffocation relieved by intubation or tracheostomy
    • Do not attempt to remove the membrane because it is tightly adherent to the underlying tissue à massive bleeding
    • Arrhythmia
    • Nerve weakness or paralysis
    • "Bull neck" appearance = massive enlargement of cervical lymph nodes
  • Laboratory diagnosis of Diphtheria
    • Swab from the nose, throat or other suspected lesions
    • Gram stain
    • Culture = definitive diagnosis
  • Treatment for Diphtheria
    • Penicillin G
    • Erythromycin
    • Diphtheria antitoxin = to neutralize the exotoxin
  • Prevention of Diphtheria
    • Vaccine
    • Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT)
    • Given: 2 - 4 - 6 months
    • Isolate infected patients
  • Chronic Bronchitis
    • A chronic inflammatory condition involving the bronchi
    • A recurrent bacterial infection
  • Causative agent of Chronic Bronchitis
    Streptococcus pneumonia = most common
  • Mode of transmission for Chronic Bronchitis
    • Droplets
    • Direct contact
  • Pneumonia
    Infection involving the lung parenchyma
  • Types of Pneumonia
    • Typical pneumonia: Lobar pneumonia, Interstitial pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia
    • Atypical pneumonia: "walking pneumonia"
  • Causative agents of Pneumonia
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Staphyloccocus aureus
    • Klebsiella pneumoniae
    • Escherichia coli