Paper 1

• Exam question: Two symptoms of infection by SALMONELLA are vomiting and diarrhoea. What causes these symptoms?

  toxins / poisons (secreted by / from / in bacteria)
• Exam question: Give two ways a person with a mild infection of SALMONELLA can help prevent the spread. (2)


  wash hands after using toilet / being sick • isolate yourself • disinfect clothes / surfaces • do not share utensils / cutlery / towels
• Exam question: A person with AIDS may take longer to recover from an infection. Explain why (2).

  immune system is damaged / weakened, white blood cells cannot kill bacteria (as effectively)
• How do scientists check results are repeatable?


  They repeat the experiment
• Exam question: Suggest one factor, other than cost, a restaurant owner should consider when choosing which cleaning liquid to use.


  toxicity/side / health effects • effect on other types of bacteria/pathogens • interaction with other cleaners • ease of use • dilution factor of each cleaner (vs. cost) • time cleaner is effective for
• Label the prokaryotic cell (add * for what is not always present)

  Prokaryotic cell:

  A) cell membrane

  B) cytoplasm

  C) genetic material

  D) slime capsule *

  E) *not always present

  F) cell wall

  G) plasmids

  H) flagella*

  
• Label the main organs in the human digestive system

  Human Digestive System:

  A) mouth (containing teeth, tongue, and salivary glands)

  B) gullet

  C) stomach

  D) pancreas

  E) large intestine

  F) rectum

  G) anus

  H) appendix

  I) small intestine

  J) bile duct

  K) duodenum

  L) gall bladder

  M) liver

  N) diaphragm

  
• Label the three main types of blood vessels

  Three main types of blood vessels:

  A) artery

  B) vein

  C) capillary

  D) tiny vessel with narrow lumen

  E) walls a single cell thick

  F) often have valves

  G) large lumen

  H) relatively thin walls

  I) small lumen

  J) thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres

  K) thick walls

  
• Vena cava


  Brings deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation into the right atrium

  
• Right atrium


  Deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation enters the heart here

  
• Right ventricle


  This chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and sends it out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs

  
• Pulmonary artery


  This vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

  
• Pulmonary vein


  This vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

  
• Left atrium


  This chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

  
• Left ventricle


  This chamber receives oxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the systemic circulation through the aorta

  
• Aorta


  This vessel transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation

  
• Tricuspid valve


  Between the right atrium and ventricle

  
• Bicuspid valve


  Between the left atrium and ventricle

  
• Pulmonary valve


  Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

  
• Aortic valve


  Valve between left ventricle and aorta

  
• Pulmonary circulation


  Circulation pathway taking deoxygenated blood from the heart though the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide and returns to the heart
• Systemic circulation


  Circulation pathway through the body, delivers nutrients and oxygen and picks up wastes like carbon dioxide
• Blood


  A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.
• blood functions


  transportation, regulation, protection
• Plasma


  Liquid portion of blood made up of water, dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances, about 55% of blood volume
• Erythrocytes


  Red blood cells (RBC), contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen, mature ones have no nucleus
• Leukocytes


  White blood cells (WBC), different types, involved in protecting against infection
• Platelets


  Cell fragments that play an important part in forming blood clots
• Hemostasis


  to stop or control bleeding
• 3 mechanisms to reduce blood loss

  vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
• Type A blood


  has A antigen, anti-B antibodies
• Type B blood


  has B antigen, anti-A antibodies
• Type AB blood


  has A antigen and B antigen and no antibodies to A or B
• Type O blood


  has neither A nor B antigen, anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies
• Rh+


  has the Rh antigen
• Rh-


  does not have the Rh antigen, may have anti-Rh antibodies
• septum


  the tissue that divides the left and right sides of the heast
• EKG, ECG or electrocardiogram


  shows the electrical changes that occur during heart function
• arteries


  vessels that take blood away from the heart, usually carry oxygenated blood
• veins


  vessels that take blood to the heart, usually carry deoxygenated blood