Polgov

• Ideology


  • A systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture
  • A manner or the content of thinking characteristic of an individual, group, or culture
  • The integrated assertions, theories and aims that constitute a socio-political program
• Ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power
• Characteristics of Ideology


  • Ideologies provide an explanation for problems that confronts modern societies by providing futuristic visions
  • Ideology is action-oriented
  • Ideologies mobilize a large number of people
• Political ideology


  The sets of basic beliefs about the political, economic, social and cultural affairs held by the majority of people within a society
• Political Ideologies


  • A coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals
  • Provides basis for organized political action whether it is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow existing systems of power relationship
• Political Ideologies


  1. Is a set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by an individual, group of individuals or a particular social class

  2. Political ideologies form the basis of how they view the world around them and the proper role of government in the world
• "To be clear: ideology is a belief system with an inadequate basis in reality; religion is a belief system with no basis, in reality, whatever." – Martin Amis
• Liberalism


  • A political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality
  • Seek to change the political, economic or social status quo to foster development and well-being of the individuals
  • Liberals stress that the government should provide for the poor and homeless, social services and active role in protecting the rights of women, elderly, minorities, gays, lesbians and environment
• Characteristics of Liberalism


  • Freedom
  • Equality
  • Individualism
  • Reason
  • Consent
  • Toleration
• Classical Liberalism


  • Liberals advocate "atomism"- society is made up of a set of largely self-sufficient individuals who owe little or nothing to one another
  • The government should have minimal role in the economic activities of people
  • Economic market suggests a self-regulating economic enterprise fashioned naturally to address public prosperity and opportunities for all
• Modern Liberalism


  • Allows the intervention of the government on economic management and social regulations
  • State intervention as mechanism of control
• Conservatism


  • Emerge during the late eighteenth century as a result of economic and political change
  • It is autocratic as it shunned any idea or clamour of social reformation until Edmund Burke (father of Anglo-American conservative tradition) advocated "change in order to conserve"
  • A conservative is a defender of status quo who, when change becomes necessary in tested institutions or practices, prefers that it comes slowly, and in moderation
• Characteristics of Conservatism


  • Tradition
  • Authority
  • Pragmatism
  • Organicism
  • Human imperfection
  • Property
  • Hierarchy
• Classical Conservatism


  • Maintains the belief of preserving the tradition of the state
  • They refuse to initiate change especially with long recognized traditions
• Modern Conservatism


  • Allows certain degree of change yet keeping the essence of its belief system in high spirit
  • Modern conservatives are traditional concerning women and homosexuals rights, they oppose them
• Socialism


  • A political ideology in the 19th century
  • Response against the emergence of industrial revolution
  • Overthrow capitalist economy and replaced with socialist society
  • Karl Marx was the pervasive figure of socialism whose ideas, thoughts and doctrines provided the framework for 21st century communism
  • An economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction of production and services
  • An ideology which opposed capitalism and tries to provide a more humane substitute
  • Social equality is the main way to attain social stability
• Characteristics of Socialism


  • Economics - workers produce things but get paid only a fraction of the value of what they produce
  • Social class - The working class or proletariat and the upper class or bourgeoisie (capitalists)
  • Common ownership - harnessing common resources to common good
  • Social Equality - the central concept of socialism is equality
• Social Democracy


  • A moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor balance between market than abolition of capitalism
  • Supports full balance between market capitalism and state intervention
  • It is the mildest form of socialism, stressing welfare but not state ownership of industry
• Social Democracy


  Focuses on the improvement of living conditions such as unemployment and medical insurance, generous pensions and subsidized food and housing
• Fascism


  • Derived from "fasces", an Italian word, which means a bundle of rods with an axe-blade protruding that signified the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome
  • Strong centralized power, permitting no opposition or criticisms against the constituted government, controlling all the affairs of the nation, emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and anti-communism
  • Is a movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political conditions rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise from the state against which the individual has no rights
  • Anti-rational, anti-liberal, anti-conservative, anti-capitalism, anti-communist
• Anarchism


  • Calls for abolition of government as indispensable requirement toward total political and social freedom
  • Greek origin, anarchism means "without rule"
  • It was powerful in countries like Spain, Mexico, France and Russia
  • The universal principle of anarchism is the belief that political authority in all forms especially in the form of the state, is both evil and unnecessary
• Feminism


  • Derive from the Latin word "Femina" meaning women or female
  • Concerned with gender equality in the political, economic and social spheres of life
  • Women experience poor state in society as a consequence of patriarchy (male domination of female)
  • Women should be given equal rights and opportunities like men
• Environmentalism


  Is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes