Geography

• Stronen Explain 2 reasons why some countries have low burth rates

  1. Women tend to marry later

  2. Preference for smaller families
• Population pyramids


  • Broad shape at the top shows high proportion of people living longer
  • Bulges show periods of immigration or baby booms
  • Indents show higher death rates from war, famine, disease or emigration
  • Wide base shows large number of children (high birth rate)
  • Narrow base shows small number of children (low birth rate)
• Ageing population

  Proportion of elderly people over 65 is increasing
• Youthful population


  Proportion of young people under 15 is high
• Hydraulic Action


  The power of water forces air into cracks in the banks and weakens them so they eventually collapse.
• Abrasion 


  The rocks and stones carried by the river wear away the bed and banks by scraping them. (they act like sandpaper)
• Attrition


  The particles carried by the river are bashed against each another, making them smaller and rounder.
• Solution


  The water dissolves soluble materials from the bed and banks. This helps them to break up.
• Traction


  Rolling large stones along the bed of the river.
• Saltation


  Bouncing smaller particles along the bed.
• Suspension


  Sediment that floats within the river flow.
• Solution 


  Minerals dissolved in the water.
• Lag time

  The time between the highest rainfall and the highest (peak) discharge.
• What effect does a volcanic eruption have on the Earth’s temperature?

  It cools the Earth
• How does volcanic ash affect sunlight?

  It blocks sunlight
• How long does the cooling effect from a volcanic eruption typically last?

  Around 2-3 years
• What is Nigeria's status in Africa regarding economic growth?

  Fastest growing economy
• What does Nigeria have the highest of on the continent?

  GNP
• What is Nigeria's population status in Africa?

  Largest population
• What is Nigeria's rank in terms of manufacturing sector size in Africa?

  Third largest manufacturing sector
• What is Nigeria's status in agricultural output?

  Largest agricultural output
• What is notable about Nigeria's cattle population?

  Highest number of cattle
• How is Nigerian music perceived across Africa?

  Enjoyed throughout Africa
• What role does Nigeria play in literature?

  It is a hub for literature
• Who was a main founder of the Organisation of African Unity?

  The president of Nigeria in 1963
• What significant economic event occurred in Nigeria's history?

  Oil boom
• What has led to urban sprawl in Nigeria?

  Rapid urban growth
• What environmental issues have arisen from inadequate sanitation in Nigeria?

  Land and water pollution
• What contributes to climate change in Nigeria?

  Emissions from cars and industry
• What is Nigeria's economic status in Africa?

  Largest economy
• How does Nigeria's economy compare globally?

  One of the fastest growing in the world
• What is a significant issue in Nigeria's economy?

  Significant inequality gap
• How has Nigeria's economy transformed over time?

  From agriculture to manufacturing and services
• What has mechanization and rural-urban migration caused in Nigeria?

  Reduced employment in agriculture
• Which countries have invested heavily in Nigeria?

  USA, China, and South Africa
• What sector has seen considerable growth in Nigeria?

  Service sector
• What are the key resources important to Nigeria's economy?

  Oil and gas
• What is a consequence of profits leaving Nigeria due to TNCs?

  Benefits shareholders in HICs
• How do wages in Nigeria compare to TNCs' home countries?

  Lower than the home country
• What happens to raw materials in Nigeria before they are exported?

  Exported before being refined