Cell Cycle and Cell Division

• mitosis: somatic cells

  
  

  meiosis: sex cells or gametes
• gap 1phase: G1-to-S checkpoint

  
  

  mitosis: metaphase checkpoint
• diploid: 46 chromosomes

  
  

  haploid: 23 chromosomes
• mitosis: nucleus

  
  

  cytokinesis: cytoplasm
• plants: cell plate

  animals: cleavage furrow
• interphase: chromatin

  
  

  mitosis: chromosomes
• condensed: chromosome

  
  

  uncoiled: chromatin
• animals and plants: life cycle

  cell: cell cycle
• chromosomes: homologous pairs

  chromatids: sister chromatids
• haploid: one set

  diploid: two sets
• DNA Molecule

  Almost every cell in our bodies has genetic material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
• Most biological traits such as  eye color, hair color, and height are coded for by the DNA.
• DNA, the primary genetic material of living organisms, stores genetic information in the sequences of its nucleotides.   
• Positively charged histone proteins aid in DNA packaging.
• Chromatin

  Interphase DNA is found in the form of chromatin, a complex of DNA and proteins.
• Chromatin in dispersed inside the intact cell nucleus during interphase.
• Chromosome

  Chromatin will sometimes need to further condense into a highly coiled and compact structure. This highly condensed form of DNA is known as a chromosome.
• Humans have 46 individual 

  (or 23 pairs of) chromosomes.
• Three Stages of Cell Cycle

  • Interphase
  • M phase
  • Cytokinesis
• Interphase- Gap 1

  • Growth of cytoplasm and doubling of organelles
  • Produce proteins, enzymes, nutrients, and energy
  • Highest rate of protein synthesis
  • movement of centrioles of the centrosomes away to await and assist the events of mitosis
• when the cell synthesizes a copy of its DNA in a very notable process called DNA replication.
• Interphase- Gap 2

  * Continued growth and the production of materials that are necessary for cell division to occur

  
  

  * Protein synthesis but not at the rate similar to that of the G1 phase
• Sex cells or gametes undergo meiosis, whereas somatic cells or non-sex cells undergo mitosis.
• Interphase is the stage when the cell prepares itself for eventual cell division, which can either be mitosis or meiosis.
• Cytokinesis refers to the division of the cell’s cytoplasm and other components.