Punctuation with commas including comma splices

• Two primary uses for the comma:

  1. Two commas are used to set off
  2. One comma is needed to separate
• when is a comma splice made:

  1. when two complete sentences are joined with a comma, but there is no necessary conjunction
  2. Conjunctions include for, and, nor, but, or
• when is a run on sentence made: when two complete sentences are joined without correct punctuation
• how do commas interact with the connectives "so" and "yet": commas precede "so" and "yet"
• How do commas interact with introductory phrases, introductory transitional phrases, and interjections:

  Commas follow introductory phrases, introductory transitional expressions (In fact, Matter of fact), and interjections (Well, um, oh no)
• How do commas interact with items in a series:

  Commas separate items in a series. The serial comma is required for APA
• What are nonrestrictive parenthetical elements, nonrestrictive appositives, and nonrestrictive phrases and How do commas interact with them:

  1. These are nonessential parts of the sentence that can be omitted from the sentence
  2. Commas set off nonrestrictive parenthetical phrases and nonrestrictive phrases
  3. Commas follow nonrestrictive appositives
• How do commas interact with contrasted elements and transitional expressions: commas set off contrasted elements and transitional expressions
• How do commas interact with geographical names, items in dates and addresses, direct quotation, and direct addresses:

  1. When a date is expressed in a month day year sequence, insert commas to separate the day and year. you don't need a comma after the year if the sentence ends with the year
  2. Geographic names have commas separating the city and state or the city and country. you don't need a comma if the sentence ends with the state or country
  3. Direct quotations are preceded and followed by commas if the sentence doesn't end with them.
  4. commas set off direct addresses
• how do commas interact with transitional expressions and independent comments: commas set off transitional expressions and independent comments
• how do commas interact with consecutive adjectives that describe the same noun:

  1. commas set off consecutive adjectives that describe the same noun
• Commas and special emphasis: Commas provide special emphasis by separating descriptors like sincerely and unrealistically
• Commas and clarity: Commas are used when clarity is needed. commas separate descriptive phrases like "As you know"
• commas and repeated words: Commas seperate repeated words