biosci lec 1

• Anemia


  A common disorder, which is caused when there is a drop in hemoglobin or hematocrit in the blood

  
• Anemia


  • Reduction in the overall number of red blood cells or the quantity of hemoglobin
  • Hemoglobin carries oxygen
  • Red blood cells carry oxygen through the hemoglobin to all parts of our body
  • If you have anemia, your blood cannot bring enough oxygen in your tissues and organs, and without oxygen our body would not work as it should
• Manifestations of anemia


  • Jaundice
  • Tachycardia
  • Dyspnea; shortness of breath
  • Dizziness or Vertigo
  • Headache
  • Amenorrhea
  • Impaired wound or tissue healing
• Morphological categories of anemia

  • Microcytic/Hypochromic
  • Macrocytic/Normochromic
  • Normocytic/Normochromic
• MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)


  It quantifies the amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell

  
• Iron-deficiency anemia


  • A condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells
  • Without iron in our body, you can't produce enough substance in the RBC to carry oxygen
  • RBC has hemoglobin, in hemoglobin you have your heme, whereas, the heme is in the iron

  
• Megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia


  • A decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12
  • Vitamin B12 is needed to make Red Blood Cells
  • Intrinsic factor binds to Vitamin B12 so that it can be absorbed in the intestines
  • Intrinsic factor is released by the stomach
• Folate deficiency anemia


  • The lack of folic acid in the blood
  • Folic acid is Vitamin B9
  • If you don't have enough folate acid you don't have enough RBC, if you don't have enough RBC you have anemia
• Hemolytic anemia


  A disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made
• Sickle cell anemia


  • An inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body
  • The red blood cells are shaped like a crescent moon, they are rigid, sticky, and they can get stock in the small blood vessels

  
• Cooley's anemia (beta thalassemia)


  • An inherited disorder that affects the production of normal hemoglobin
  • Hemoglobin is a type of protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the blood
  • Caused by mutations
  • This is the most severe form of beta thalassemia in which you do not have beta protein in your hemoglobin
  • It can cause life-threatening anemia that requires regular blood transfusion and extensive ongoing medical care

  
• Aplastic anemia


  • A condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new red blood cells
  • Rare and very serious blood condition
  • Can develop at any age

  
• Chronic anemia


  • Also known as anemia of chronic disease and anemia of inflammation and chronic disease
  • This anemia is a result of other long-term health conditions that affect your body's ability to make red blood cells

  
• Causes of anemia


  • Frank blood loss (posthemorrhagic anemia)
  • Deficiencies in components needed for RBC production (iron-deficiency or folic acid deficiency anemias)
  • Loss of factors necessary for absorption of dietary components (pernicious anemia)
  • Genetic alterations (Sickle cell or thalassemias)
  • Bone marrow destruction (Aplastic anemia)

  
• Treatments for anemia


  • Treatment of the causative disease
  • Vitamin and mineral supplements
  • Change in diet
  • Medication
  • Blood transfusion
  • Bone marrow transplant
  • Surgery (to remove the spleen, if related to hemolytic anemia)
  • Antibiotics (if an infection is the causative agent)
• Hemophilia


  • An inherited bleeding, or coagulation disorder
  • They lack the ability to stop the bleeding
• Hemophilia A


  Lack of factor VIII (Antihemophilic factor)
• Hemophilia B


  Lack of factor IX (Plasma thromboplastic component)

  
• Hemophilia


  • Hemophilia types A and B are inherited diseases passed on from a gene located on the X chromosome
  • Females don't really have problems in Hemophilia, some may have other problems that are associated with bleeding
  • Above 1/3 of hemophilia cases, there is no family of disease because those cases are due to a new or spontaneous development of the defective gene

  
• Coagulation


  • Consists of two processes: Primary Hemostasis (aggregation of platelets in the injury sites) and Secondary Hemostasis (stable fibrin clot formation through the coagulation cascade)
  • Factor VIII and Factor IX are both part of the intrinsic pathway and are necessary to coagulate Factor X to Factor Xa, which is the first step of the common pathway
• Symptoms of hemophilia


  • Excessive, uncontrollable bleeding
  • Bleeding may occur even if there is no injury
  • Bruising can result in a large hematoma
  • Bleeding into a joint (hemarthrosis)
  • Bleeding into the muscles
  • Bleeding from injury or/in the brain
  • Other sources of bleeding
  • Most common cause is chronic joint disease or arthropathy (uncontrolled breathing)
• Thrombocytopenia/Immune thrombocytopenic purpura


  • Blood disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets, which results in internal bleeding
  • Common in dengue patients, they have abnormally low numbers of platelets
• Acute thrombocytopenic purpura


  A type of thrombocytopenia
• Bleeding


  May occur even if there is no injury
• Bruising


  Can result in a large hematoma
• Hematoma


  A bad bruise
• It may resemble other blood disorders or other medical problems
• Most common cause if you have hemophilia


  Chronic joint disease or arthropathy (uncontrolled breathing)
• Thrombocytopenia/Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura


  Blood disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets, which results in internal bleeding

  
• Common in dengue patients, they have abnormally low numbers of platelets
• Acute Thrombocytopenic Purpura


  Common in young children, the symptoms may follow a virus infection and disappear within a year
• Chronic Thrombocytopenic Purpura


  • Onset can happen at any age, and symptoms last 6 months or longer
  • Most adults have this and the females have it 3x more often than males
• Purpura


  • Occurs when the small blood vessels bursts, it can cause a cool of blood para magtipon-tipon under the skin
  • Can create purple spots in the skin
  • Purpura spots are generally benign, not cancerous but it may indicate a more serious medical condition such as blood clotting disorders
• Petechiae


  • Tiny red dots on the skin or on the mucous membrane
  • Tiny purple, red or brown spots on the skin
  • Usually appear on the arms, legs, stomach, and buttocks, and can also be found on the mouth or eyelids
  • Can pinpoint many signs of different conditions, can be minor or serious conditions
  • Can also appear as a reaction to certain medications
  • Caused by bleeding under your skin
  • If you pressed the spot, petechiae would not turn white when you press on them. If it rashes it will turn pale
• Ecchymosis


  • The bruising, flat lang siya
  • The medical term for common bruises
  • Most bruises form with the blood vessels near the surface of the skin that are damaged
• Protein


  Stops the bleeding
• Corticosteroids


  • Temporarily suppress the body's immune system so that it stops destroying the platelets
  • Can also make your blood vessels less leaky so that platelets will stay within the bloodstream and increase the platelets counts
• Hemochromatosis


  • A metabolic disorder that is caused by an increased absorption of iron
  • Iron Overload Disease - most common genetic disorder
  • The iron accumulates in the body where it may become toxic and cause damage
• Hemochromatosis


  • Iron can be recycled
• Symptoms of Hemochromatosis


  • Lethargy (Sleepy or fatigue) and weakness
  • Irritability
  • Depression and loss of body hair
  • Joint pain
  • Bronze or yellowish skin color
  • Impotence in men (Unable to achieve a erection)
  • Amenorrhea in women