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Chapter 49
Chapter 50
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Cards (26)
Behavior
Action in response to
stimulus
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Behavior
Innate
/learned
Honest
/deceitful
Adaptive
?
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Behavioral biology
Ethology
- study of how organisms respond to
stimuli
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Proximate causation
Explains how actions occur (neurological, hormonal, skeletal-muscular mechanisms)
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Ultimate causation
Explains why actions occur (
evolutionary consequences
,
fitness
)
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Spiny lobsters finding way back to coral reef dens
Ultimate level
- search for food during darkness to avoid predators
Proximate level
- use receptors in brain that detect Earth's magnetic field
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Fixed action patterns
Animals respond to change in environment in
predictable
, inflexible,
stereotypical
way (innate behavior)
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Most behavior
Flexible
, learned, correlates with
environment
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Cost-benefit
analysis
Animals appear to weigh costs &
benefits
of responses - measured by impact on
fitness
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5 questions in behavioral ecology
What should I eat
?
Who should I mate with
?
Where should I live
?
How should I communicate
?
When should I cooperate
?
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Optimal foraging
Organisms make
decisions
that
maximize
food found, given the cost/risk of finding it
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Optimal foraging
Flexible
&
condition-dependent
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Sexual dimorphism
Differences in appearance between males and
females
of the same
species
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Females Barn Swallows choose
males
With good
alleles
&
resources
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Communication
Any info-containing
behavior
from 1 individual that
modifies
behavior of another
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Honeybee language
Tactile,
olfactory
, acoustic, visual - correlates with
habitat
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Round dance
Communicates food within
80-100m
of hive
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Waggle dance
Indicates direction &
distance
to food >
100m
away
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Deceitful communication
Hognose snakes playing dead
Female Photuris fireflies flashing courtship signal of another species and then eating males that respond
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Deceiving individuals of same species
Bluegill Sunfish
- mimic releases sperm &
fertilizes eggs
, fathers offspring but doesn't help care for them
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Deceit works only when relatively rare -
natural selection
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Kin selection
Natural selection that acts through benefits to
relatives
& results in
increased indirect
fitness
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Hamilton's rule
Altruistic
allele
spreads
if Br > C (B = fitness benefit to beneficiary, C = fitness cost to actor, r = coefficient of relatedness)
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Altruistic behavior is most likely if 3 conditions are met: 1)
Fitness benefit
is high for recipient, 2) Fitness costs to altruist are low, 3) Altruist & recipient are
close relatives
(r high)
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Inclusive
fitness
Direct
fitness (from individual's own offspring) +
Indirect
fitness (from helping relatives reproduce)
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Reciprocal altruism
Exchange of
altruistic acts
over time
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