Midterm 1

• It's refer to any recorded data, Another meaning of statistics refers to the method or procedure of analysis of data

  statistics
• And universally, it is being defined as: a science that deals with collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data

  statistics
• What is the 5 Steps in Statistical Investigation

  1.Identification of the problem.

  2.Collection of Data

  3.Presentation of Data

  4.Analysis of Data

  5.Interpretation of Data
• Refers to the different methods and techniques of gathering the data.

  Collection of Data
• refers to the tabulation and organization of data in tables, graphs & chart

  Presentation of Data
• the process of deriving relevant information from the gathered data through the different statistical tools

  Analysis of Data
• • refers to the task of drawing conclusions or inferences from the analyzed data

  Interpretation of Data
• is the set of all entities under study

  Universe
• is the set of complete collection or totality of al

  Population
• a subset or sub collection of elements drawn from a population.

  Sample
• This division of statistics summarizes or describes the important characteristics of a given set of data.

  Descriptive Statistics
• This division of statistics aims to give information about the population by studying the characteristics of the sample drawn from it.

  Inferential Statistics
• DATA refers to any information concerning to a population or sample
• Types of Data According to Source

  Primary Data

  Secondary Data
• refer to information which is gathered directly from the original source

  Primary Data –
• refer to information which is taken from a secondary source.

  Secondary Data
• Types of Data According to Functional Relationship

  Independent Data

  Dependent Data
• refer to any controlling data. Data which are not affected by any other data

  Independent Data
• any data that is affested by controlling data.

  Dependent Data-
• – refers to the different characteristics of the population or of the sample

  Variable
• refers to specific characteristic of the population subject of interest or subject of investigation that is measurable.

  Parameter
• • refers to specific characteristic of the sample subject of interest or subject of investigation that is measurable

  Statistic
• – uses categories or attributes that are distinguished by some non- numeric characteristics.

  Qualitative Data
• • consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.

  Quantitative Data
• Types of Quantitative Data

  Discrete Data

  Continuous Data
• – quantitative data which can assume a finite or countable number of values. Cannot be represented by fractions or decimal numbers but by any whole number only

  Discrete Data
• • quantitative data which can assume infinity of many possible values corresponding to the points on a line interval.

  Continuous Data
• 4 types of Measurements of Data

  Nominal

  Ordinal

  Interval

  Ratio
• data that consists of names, labels, or categories only commonly used number to categorize data.

  Nominal
• – measurements which deal with order or rank, provides information about relative comparison but the degrees of difference are not available.

  Ordinal
• – similar with ordinal but this level of measurement does not only show likeness or differences between data, likewise it gives meaningful amounts of differences between data. It does not have a “true-zero” starting point, instead it is arbitrarily assigned.

  Interval
• – a modified interval level to include the starting point “zero”. The quality of ratio or proportion is meaningful.

  Ratio
• What types of Measurements of Data is this?

  Examples: 1. Gender: M - Male F - Female 2. Religion: 0 – Catholic 1 – INC 2 – Islam 3 – Protestant 3. Responses: 0 – Yes 1 - No

  Nominal
• What types of Measurements of Data is this?

  A grading system: A-Excellent B-Very Good C-Good D-Fair E-Poor

  ordinal
• Examples: 1. Consider the following temperatures: 300 250 400 Here we can say that 300 > 250 or 250 < 400 . 2. Age Bracket: 18 – 24 yrs old 3. Passing score in a test.

  Interval
• Examples: Time, rate of change in production, height, weight, volume, area, density, velocity etc.

  Ratio