chem

• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

  Governs how gases behave
• Gases


  • Consist of tiny particles
  • Distance between particles is larger than the size of the particles themselves
  • No attractive force exists between and among gas particles
  • This results for the particles to spread apart and occupy all available space inside the container
• Gas particles

  1. Move in linear motion

  2. Change motion when they collide

  3. Collisions are elastic (No energy is gained or lost when the particles collide)
• The average kinetic energy is the same for all gasses at a given temperature
• The average kinetic energy of gas particles


  Is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas
• Gases have no definite shape and volume. It fills any container and assumes its shape.

  • True, it spreads all throughout the container when pumped out
• Gases(in a container) do not spread out or diffuse

  • False, It actually mixes with other gases when both are put inside a container.
• Gases are highly compressible 

  • True, it is highly compressible.
• Has lower densities(than liquid and solids)

  • True, it is less dense than solid.
• Temperature

  Measure of average kinetic energy
• Volume

  Amount of space occupied
• Pressure

  Amount of force exerted per unit. It also exerts its force to the container.
• Barometer — Instrument to measure atm (Atmospheric Pressure)

  Atmospheric pressure/atm — Composed of gases that exerts force.
• most to least dense

  Exosphere

  Thermosphere

  Mesopause

  Mesosphere

  Stratosphere

  Ozone Layer
• Atmosphere

  1.00 atm

  Torr

  760 torr

  Millimeters of mercury

  760 mm Hg

  Inches of mercury

  29.9 in Hg

  Pounds per square inch

  14.7 psi

  Pascals

  1.013x10^5 Pa

  Kilopascals

  101.3 kPa

  Bars 

  1.013 bars
• Conversion of Celsius to Kelvin

  (Given Temperature) + 273.15 = (Answer) K
• Boyle’s Law

  • Robert Boyle
  • 1662
  • Anglo-Irish Chemist
  • Temperature is constant
  • Volume increased, Pressure decreased 
  • V and P is inversely proportional
  • (P1)(V1) = (P2)(V2)
• Charles’ Law

  • Jacques Charles
  • 1787
  • French Physicist 
  • Pressure is constant
  • Gasses getting heated, expand
  • Volume increases, Temperature increased
  • Volume and Temperature are directly proportional
  • V1/T1 = V2/T2
• Gay-Lussac’s Law

  • Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
  • 1802
  • French Chemist and Physicist
  • Volume is constant
  • Pressure and Temperature are directly proportional
  • P1/T1 = P2/T2
• Ideal gas Law

  • An ideal gas satisfies all the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory. 
  • Gas at high and low temperatures 
  • Attraction of gases 
  • Kinetic energy of gases.
  • PV = nRT
  • Proportionally Constant 
  • 0.0821
  • R = PV/nT = (1 atm)(22.4 L)/(1 mol) (273 K) = 0.0821 (L)(atm)/(mol)(K)
  • The value of R constant is derived from all the standard values of pressure, mole, volume, and temperature, hence having all the units.
• • Amedeo Avogadro
  • Italian Physicist 
  • Pressure and Temperature is constant
  • Volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gasses
  • V1/n1 = V2/n2
• 1 mole (of compound)

  6.022 x 10^23 pieces moles
• Carbohydrates

  Main elements

  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

  Monomers or building blocks

  Monosaccharide

  Function

  • Cell Walls(Cellulose and Chitin)
  • Fast source of Energy(Major Energy Source).
  • If it becomes a polysaccharide, it can become something that can store the energy.

  Examples

  Bread, Pasta, Fruit and vegetables, Sugar(Glucose)
• Lipids

  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
  • They do not have a true monomer or polymer. They are usually included as a non-polymeric macromolecule. They also do not have a repeating unit, which results in lacking a true monomer.
  • Make up the cell membrane structure(Via Phospholipid)
  • It is also energy storage. They also do insulation (Like the Myelin Sheath for electrical impulses, or thermal insulation). 
  • They also act as Hormones.
  • Butter, Oil, and Cholesterol
• Proteins

  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

  Nitrogen

  Amino Acid

  • Make up Muscle Tissue, Hair, and Collagen as examples
  • Can also be embedded in cell membranes as Protein Channels. 
  • They can also be receptors
  • Can make up enzymes. 
  • Can also make up antibodies
  • Can also make up some Hormones(Like Insulin).
  • Genes also code for protein.

  Beans, Meat, Nuts, Eggs
• Nucleic Acids

  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

  Phosphorus

  Nucleotide

  • Contains all genetic information, 

  DNA and RNA. Any type of life
• Carbohydrates 

  • Most abundant and least expensive sources of energy in food. 
  • Provides energy stored in our body (4 kcal/1g)
  • Molecules from aldehydes and ketones, containing numerous hydroxyl group
  • Includes starch, table sugar, cotton and wood.
  • It is also a water-soluble macromolecule
• Glycosidic Bonds;

  • Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides are formed through this
  • Happens through Condensation reaction
  • Dehydration Synthesis is a subset of condensation reaction
  • Water becomes a by-product.
• Monosaccharide (1)

  One sugar unit

  “Simple Sugars”

  Monomer of Carbohydrates
• Disaccharide (2)

  Two sugar units

  Examples:

  Lactulose, Trehalose, Cellobiose, Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Chitobiose
• Oligosaccharide (2-10)

  Two to ten sugar units
• Polysaccharide (10+)

  More than ten sugar units

  Examples:

  Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen, Hyaluronic acid

  Glycogen Note: 

  • Is created and stored when the carbohydrates are NOT used to produce energy in metabolism
• Lipids

  Fatty Acids

  • Consists Long, hydrophobic, nonpolar hydrocarbon “tail” and a hydrophilic, polar carboxylic acid function group at the “head”.
  • Natural can be saturated or unsaturated
  • Saturated 
  • No carbon-carbon double bonds
  • Higher melting points 
  • Examples are “Lauric Acid” (Found in coconut and oleic acid)
  • Unsaturated 
  • Contain one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
  • Can be found in animal fat
• Simple Lipids (Steroids)


  Steroids have a backbone structure consisting four fused carbon rings
• Cholesterol


  The most abundant steroid in animal tissues
• Sources of cholesterol

  • Meat
  • Dairy products
  • Seafood
• Cholesterol


  Composed of a steroid backbone structure with a hydroxyl group (at one end) and a branched hydrocarbon chain (at the other end)
• Cholesterol


  Serves as a basic structure of other steroids, included male and female hormones and Vitamin C
• Complex Lipids (Triglycerides)


  Also known as "Triacylglycerols"
• Triglycerides


  • Most abundant of lipids in plants and animals
  • Produced through Esterification; Reaction between alcohol and a carboxylic acid
  • Result - Formation of an ester and water
  • Also constitute about 90% of the total lipid in an adult human
  • Major lipid found in blood