paper two

• GNI

  gross national income
• HDI

  human development index
• multiplier effect

  a positive change that has a knock on effect on other businesses.
• TNC

  trans-national corporation.

  a company that operates in many different countries
• globalisation

  the way the world has become interconnected

  E.g. world trade, international investment, and the sharing of ideas.
• 10% of people in the UK are living in urban areas
• Urban change


  Any change within the urban environment
• Urban change


  Associated with growth or decline of an urban area
• The population is becoming more ethnically diverse
• Manchester has a larger student and young population than those at pensionable age
• Manchester had boomed as a centre for the industrial revolution from 1850 up until 1960
• After 1980, many of the factories and mills started to close down
• The population declined as many workers moved out of the city
• New groups of people arrived, many are immigrants from other countries, coming for work and a better quality of life
• Manchester


  Centre for the industrial revolution from 1750 up to 1960
• Industrialisation of Manchester


  1. People moved to work in the many factories and industries that were built

  2. After 1950, many factories and mills started to close

  3. Population declined as many workers moved out of the city to find other jobs
• New groups of people

  Immigrants from other countries, coming for work and a better quality of life
• Third of city centre residents are new arrivals in less than a decade
• The average age of new arrivals is 20-34 years
• The average age of Manchester is younger
• Impacts of migrants on Manchester

  • Enriches city's cultural life (e.g. Chinatown)
  • Young migrants help the aging population
  • Contributing to local and national economy
  • Hard working and motivated workforce
  • Improving levels of skills where there are shortages
• Challenges of migrants in Manchester

  • Creates pressure on housing, services and employment
  • Need to provide for the growing population
  • Challenges of integration into wider community
• Sustainable


  Able to provide for our generations