urban issues and challenges

• urban sprawl

  expansion of urban areas into the countryside/rural areas
• green belts

  areas of green and open land on the edge of cities in which urban development is restricted
• rural areas

  countryside
• urban areas


  cities
• urbanisation

  process of urban growth that leads to a greater population living in towns or cities
• natural increase

  natural growth of a population due to the number of births exceeding deaths
• squatter settlements

  -area of makeshift housing , often unplanned an built illegally

  -Like the favelas in Rio.

  -lacking amenities such as water supply, electricity, and sewage disposal.
• Population density

  average number of people in a certain area
• deprivation

  lack of basic materials needed for a decent quality of life. e.g. housing and food
• Greenfield sites

  area of land that has not been built on before
• sustainability

  the ability to provide for today's generation without compromising the needs of future generations
• deindustrialisation 


  the decline of manufacturing within a country
• irrigation

  channelling of water from rivers and streams to fields in order to help crops grow
• dereliction

  abandoned buildings and wasteland
• economic opportunities

  chances for people to improve their quality of living through employment
• Brownfield site

  Land that has been used, abandoned and now its some new use Commonly found across urban areas, particularly in the inner city
• inequalities

  differences between poverty and wealthy ,as well as peoples wellbeing and access to jobs, housing, and education.

  may occur in housing provisions, access to services, access to open land, safety, and security
• mega city

  urban area where the the total population exceeds ten million people
• integrated transport system

  -different transport methods connecting together.

  -makes journeys smoother, therefore making public transport more appealing

  -better integration = more demand for public transport bc of this, people will switch from private car use to public modes of transport.

  -more sustainable

  -leads to fall in congestion due to less vehicles on roads
• migration

  -when people move from one area to another

  -in many LICs people move from rural to urban areas (rural-urban migration)
• pollution

  presence of chemicals, noise, dirt, or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects on the environment
• rural-urban fringe

  -zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside

  -often a competition for land use

  -zone of mixed land uses.

  E.g. shopping centres, golf courses, farmland, motorways.
• sanitation

  -measures designed to protect public health.

  -includes provision of clean water, and the disposal of sewage and waste.
• social opportunities

  chances for people to improve their lives

  E.g. education and healthcare
• sustainable urban living

  -city where there is minimal damage to the environment

  -economic base is sound

  -resources allocated fairly

  -jobs secure

  -strong sense of community

  -locals involved in decisions

  -renewable resources used

  -energy efficient

  -public transport
• traffic congestion

  -too great traffic for roads to cope with

  -traffic jams and slows to a crawl
• urban regeneration

  -revival of old parts of urban areas by either renewal or redevelopment
• renewal

  installing modern facilities in old buildings
• redevelopment

  demolishing existing buildings and starting afresh
• waste recycling

  extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste