BOTANY

• Receptacle


  The enlarged upper end of a flower stalk which bears the flower or group of flowers

  
• Sepals


  Modified leaves which enclose and protect the other parts of a flower when it is still a bud. When the flower blooms, the sepal supports the bottom of the flower.
• Petals


  Form the most obvious part of a flower. Most petals are brightly colored to attract insects for pollination.
• Stamen


  The male part of a flower. It consists of filament and the anther.
• Filament


  Holds the anther in a position tall enough to release the pollen.
• Anther


  Consists of two lobes that contain pollen sacs.
• Pistil


  The female part of a flower. It consists of the stigma, style, and ovary.

  
• Style


  A stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary. It is tall enough to trap pollen grains.
• Stigma


  A swollen structure at the end of the style. It receives the pollen grains. The mature stigma secretes a fluid that stimulates the pollen grains to germinate.
• Ovary


  Holds the egg cells which are to be fertilized by the sperm from the pollen grains.
• Calyx


  A group of sepals
• Corolla


  A group of petals

  
• Pollen sacs


  Have pollen grains that are released by anther when they mature.
• Types of Flowers


  • Complete flower
  • Incomplete flower
  • Perfect flower
  • Imperfect flower
• Complete flower


  Has a complete set of structures: receptacle, sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil

  
• Incomplete flower


  Lacks one of the structures of a complete flower
• Perfect flower


  Has the male (stamen) and the female (pistil) reproductive parts

  
• Imperfect flower


  Only has either the pistil or the stamen alone
• Identifying the complete parts of a flower


  1. Receptacle 4.Stamens

  2. Sepals 5.Pistils

  3. Petals

  
• Photosynthesis


  The synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light

  
• Photosynthesis


  1. Light-dependent reactions

  2. Calvin cycle

  
• Light-dependent reactions


  Occurring within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments, driving the synthesis of ATP and NADPH while releasing oxygen as by product

  
• Calvin cycle


  Occurring in the stroma, utilizing ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules, ultimately producing glucose
• Cellular respiration


  The process by which cells breakdown glucose molecules to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells, along with carbon dioxide and water as by products
• Key terms


  • ATP
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Carbon Fixation
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Chloroplast
  • G3P
  • NADPH
  • Photosynthesis
  • Reduction
  • Rubisco
  • RuBP
  • RuBP Regeneration
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid

  
• Almost all energy requirements come ultimately from the sun
• Chloroplast


  Specialized organelle in plant cells that serves as the site of photosynthesis

  
• Photosynthesis


  1. Light-dependent reactions

  2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

  
• Light-dependent reactions


  Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
• Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)


  Use stored chemical energy to "fix" CO2 and create a product that can be converted into glucose
• The ultimate goal of the light-independent reactions is to assemble a molecule of glucose
• Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

  1. Carbon fixation

  2. Reduction