Matter

• Chemistry


  The central science that is essential for the study of all other fields of science
• Chemistry


  The study of matter, its composition, structure, properties, the processes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes
• Matter


  • Made up of particles (atoms, molecules, ions)
  • Has mass and volume
  • The arrangement and attraction between these particles result in different phases of matter
• Phases of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
  • Bose-Einstein Condensate

  
• Solid


  • Particles are tightly packed together
  • Particles do move but not very much
  • Definite shape and definite volume
• Types of solids


  • Crystalline solid
  • Amorphous solid
• Crystalline solid


  • Definite characteristic geometrical shape
  • When cut, they split into two pieces with plain and smooth surfaces
• Amorphous solid


  • Irregular shape
  • When cut, they cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces
  • Pseudo solids or super cooled liquids
• Allotropes


  Solids that appear in more than one form
• Allotropes of carbon


  • Powder=Graphite
  • Pencil "lead"= graphite
  • Hard solid= diamond

  
• Liquid


  • Particles are spread apart
  • No definite shape but do have a definite volume
  • Flow from one container to another
• Viscosity


  Resistance of a liquid to flowing
• Liquids with different viscosity

  • Honey- high viscosity
  • Water- low viscosity
• Gas


  • Particles are very far apart
  • Particles move very fast
  • No definite shape and no definite volume
• Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, and 0.1 percent other gases
• Plasma


  • Consists of a gas of ions—atoms which have some of their orbital electrons removed and free electrons
  • Particles are extremely apart
  • Particles move extremely fast
  • Basically, plasma is a hot gas
  • When particles collide, they break apart into protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Plasma


  • Welding arcs
  • Solar wind
  • Aurora
  • Lightning
  • Comet's tail
  • Stars (including the Sun)
  • Interstellar gas clouds
  • A fireball of a nuclear explosion
  • Earth's ionosphere
• Bose-Einstein Condensate


  • Particles are extremely close together
  • Particles barely move
  • Only found at the extremely cold temperatures
  • Lowest energy of the 5 states/phases of matter

  
• Melting and Freezing


  1. Change from solid to liquid and liquid to solid

  2. Same temperature; if melting, particles are gaining energy; if freezing, particles are losing energy

  3. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy needed to weaken them
• Boiling, Condensation and Vaporization

  1. Change from liquid to gas (vaporization) and gas to liquid (condensation)

  2. Same temperature; if boiling, particles are gaining energy; if condensing, particles are losing energy

  3. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy needed to break them

  
• Sublimation


  1. Changing directly from a solid to a gas (without crossing the liquid phase)

  2. Also, changing directly from a gas to a solid

  3. Skipping the liquid state

  4. Example: dry ice—solid carbon dioxide sublimates at room temperature
• Deposition


  1. Gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase

  2. Examples: water vapor to ice
• Evaporation


  1. Liquid to gas but not necessarily at the boiling point temperature

  2. Some particles gain enough kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and become a gas

  3. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy

  4. Example: Evaporation of nail paint remover, drying clothes under the sun
• Physical change


  Occurs with no change in chemical composition
• Chemical change


  • One or more substances are used up (at least partially)
  • One or more new substances are formed
  • Energy is absorbed or released
• Physical properties


  • Properties that can be measured and observed without changing the material's chemical composition
• Types of physical properties


  • Intensive properties
  • Extensive properties
• Intensive properties


  Substance-specific properties that do not depend on the amount of the substance (e.g. color, luster, malleability, conductivity, hardness, melting point, freezing point, and boiling point)
• Extensive properties


  Properties that depend on the amount of substance (e.g. weight, volume, and length)
• Chemical properties


  Describe a material's possibility to undergo chemical change in its chemical composition