BLOOD GLUCOSE TESTS

• Fasting blood sugar (FBS)


  The result of a blood sample taken after a patient fasts for at least eight hours
• Fasting for FBS


  1. 6-8 hours with no exercise from basal rate

  2. Example: 7 AM - collection time, 11 PM - light meal
• Pre-diabetes


  People with pre-diabetes have up to a 50% chance of developing Type 2 diabetes over the next five to 10 years
• Normal FBS levels


  • 70 - 100 mg/dL or HbA1C below 5.7%
  • Pre-diabetes: 100 - 125 mg/dL or HbA1C of 5.7 - 6.4%
  • Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or higher
• Random blood sugar (RBS)

  A test that measures the amount of glucose or sugar circulating in a person's blood at any time of day
• Normal RBS range


  • 140 mg/dL or lower
• 2 hour postprandial blood sugar test


  A test that measures blood sugar levels 2 hours after eating
• Normal postprandial blood sugar

  • Less than 140 mg/dL
  • For those with diabetes: less than 180 mg/dL
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

  A screening test for diabetes that measures the body's ability to store glucose by removing it from the blood
• Patients with abnormal glucose tolerance (> 200 mg/dL) may have microvascular or macrovascular complications
• Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)


  A blood test that measures the average blood sugar level over the past two to three months
• Normal HbA1C levels


  • In a healthy person, the A1c level is less than 6% of the total hemoglobin
• Lipid profile test


  A group of tests that measures the amount of cholesterol and other fats in your blood
• Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids, or fats, that are important for cell health but can be harmful when they build up in the blood and lead to clogged, inflamed arteries
• Lipid panel measures

  • Total cholesterol
  • LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) or bad cholesterol
  • HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) or good cholesterol
  • Triglycerides
• LDL and HDL have a reciprocal relationship - eating saturated food makes LDL high, exercising makes HDL high
• HDL is good for lowering risks of heart disease and diabetes
• Total cholesterol ranges


  • Normal: Less than 200 mg/dL
  • Borderline high: 200 to 239 mg/dL
  • High: At or above 240 mg/dL
• LDL cholesterol ranges


  • Optimal: Less than 100 mg/dL (goal for people with diabetes or heart disease)
  • Near optimal: 100 to 129 mg/dL
  • Borderline high: 130 to 159 mg/dL
  • High: 160 to 189 mg/dL
  • Very high: 190 mg/dL and higher
• HDL cholesterol levels should be above 40 mg/dL
• Triglyceride ranges


  • Normal: Less than 150 mg/dL
  • Borderline high: 150 to 199 mg/dL
  • High: 200 to 499 mg/dL
  • Very high: Above 500 mg/dL
• Serum creatinine test


  A test that provides more precise information about kidney function and its possible underlying cause compared with creatinine level alone
• Normal creatinine levels


  • Adult males: 0.7 - 1.3 mg/dL
  • Adult females: 0.6 - 1.1 mg/dL
• Creatinine clearance


  (140 - patient's age in years) x (weight) x (0.85 for women) / (72 x creatinine level)
• Urinalysis


  A medical examination that includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations of urine
• Urinalysis parameters


  • Glucose, protein, specific gravity, bilirubin, ketone, blood, pH, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocytes
• Pyuria


  Pus in urine, elevated neutrophil level (bacterial), normal for females due to proximity of genital to ureters
• Renal calculi


  Kidney stones, RBC present in urine
• Glomerulonephritis


  Kidney cancer
• Normal urinary protein values

  • Less than 150 mg/dL, undetectable, positive dipstick test when exceeding 300-500 mg/dL
• Normal urine specific gravity

  • 1.003 - 1.030, less than 1.010 indicates relative hydration, greater than 1.020 indicates relative dehydration
• Normal pyuria range


  • Female: 0.6, Male: 0