quizlet

• In 1881:

  - How many Russian people were there?

  - What % of land did the 10% of nobility own?

  - What % were Russian Orthodox?

  - 100 million

  - 75% land

  - 70% Russian Orthodox
• What were the terms of serf emancipation?

  - Less land

  - Landowners overpaid for their land

  - Power of Mir was strengthened. Needed passport to leave
• Why were the serfs emancipated?

  - Moral

  - Worried about revolt, more disturbances 1840s

  - Crimean War showed need for smaller and better trained army

  - Necessary for economy to modernise
• What were the 5 branches of reforms of Alexander II

  - Military (1861-81)

  - Judicial (1864)

  - Education (1864)

  - Local Gov (1864)

  - Censorship
• What were the successes and failures of Alexander II's military reforms?

  Successes:

  Smaller and more professional army

  Saved expenditure

  Better artilliary

  
  

  Failures:

  Still mainly nobility, who didn't like mixing w lower classes

  Relied on illiterate peasant conscripts
• What were the successes and failures of Alexander II's educational reforms?

  Successes:

  More literate peasants took on new aspirations

  
  

  Failures:

  Fostered critical minds. Many impoverished students formed study circles criticising government.
• What were the successes and failures of Alexander II's local gov reforms?

  Successes:

  Zemstvos improved areas

  Nobles gained political experience

  
  

  Failures:

  Limited number of provinces

  Peasants resented high tax

  Dominated by selfish nobles

  Highlighted failures of Nicholas II in 1892
• What were the successes and failures of Alexander II's judicial reforms?

  Successes:

  Fairer trials, less corruption

  JPs courts were fast and free

  Encouraged atmosphere of openness

  
  

  Failures:

  Peasants outside main legal system

  Military/church courts exempted

  Trial of Vera Zasulich 1878
• What were the successes and failures of Alexander II's censorship reforms?

  Newspapers did not have to be submitted for censorship. Could report on trials and government policy.

  
  

  Increased opposition
• What were Alexander II's reactionary policies and which ministers inspired them?

  - tightened up censorship

  - made use of military courts

  - university crackdown, discipline was given to police, revolutionaries expelled, entry restrictions

  
  

  Count Tolstoy
• What did Alexander III's counter reforms entail?

  * Emergency measures:

  - 1881 Statute of State Security

  No gatherings of 12+, closed unis and newspapers, prosecuted for political crimes

  
  

  *Control:

  -1881 Formation of Okhrana (10,000 arrests)

  - Gentry land captains controlled rural areas

  - Censorship tightened further

  
  

  *Education

  - 1881 University Statute reduced autonomy and freedom, fees increased, no women

  - Church given more control over primary schools

  
  

  *Local Gov

  - 1890 Zemstva act reduced power (more centralised)

  - 1892 Municipal Gov act (only 0.7% could vote Moscow)

  
  

  *Legal

  - Court martials tried sensitive cases

  - Land captains instead of JPs
• What were Alexander III's progressive policies?

  - Hired progressive finance ministers (Bunge, Vyshnegradsky and Witte)

  
  

  -Industrial spurt in 1890s (thanks to Wittes railway building, gold standard, foreign investment and grain exports)

  
  

  - Bunge improved peasant living and working cond. in 1880s. Abolished Poll tax and lowered redemption payments. Less child labour, compulsory education. 1883 Peasant Land bank helped pay debts

  
  

  - Vyshenegradsky caused 1891-92 famine
• Anti Semitism


  - Forced to live on pale of settlement

  - Alex III and Pobedonostsev supported pogroms

  - Couldn't be lawyer, doctor or soldier

  - Couldn't own rural property/land

  - 200 pogroms after assassination of Alexander III

  - 1903 Kishinev pogrom, 47 killed
• What happened at the start of Nicholas II's reign?

  - 1896-7 30,000 Textiles workers striked

  Working day restricted to 11.5 hours

  
  

  -1898-99: famine in Volga region

  
  

  - 1899 peak of strikes, 100,000 workers

  formation of factory police force

  
  

  -1900 international recession

  
  

  -1903-4 Red Cockerel years

  
  

  - 1903 Police union strike in Odessa

  
  

  - 1904-5 Russo-Japanese war
• What were Sergie Witte's reforms?

  Heavy industry:

  - 9% growth

  -Coal output trebled

  - 30,000km railway track

  - Steel and iron output increased by 65 million poods in 1880s

  - Consumer goods and agriculture lagged. Recession 1899. Only 65% blast furnaces in Donbas region worked

  
  

  Gold Standard:

  - Increased stability and foreign loans

  
  

  High Grain exports and taxation:

  - Pumped money into economy

  - exacerbated 1891-92 famine

  
  

  Huge foreign Loans

  -Esp from French

  -3 million roubles debt 1914
• What were the three opposition groups and their beliefs?

  Social revolutionaries1901-2

  Assassinated 2,000 gov officials 1901-5

  Wanted peasants to overthrow Tsar

  Though capitalism must grow

  
  

  Social Democrats1898

  Marxist

  1900 Iskra newspaper

  1902 What is to be done split them into Bols and Mens at 1903 2nd Party Congress

  
  

  Liberals1903

  Wanted to limit Tsars power

  Non violent reform

  Mainly intelligentsia

  Split in 1905 to Kadets and Octobrists
• How many people went to Bloody Sunday? How many died?

  150,000

  150
• What was impact of Bloody Sunday?

  -Changed worker's demands from economic to political

  -Broke 'little father' bond

  - Over 400,000 striking by end of Jan
• What was peasants role in 1905 Revolution?

  -June/July Red Cockerel years, seized land grain and animals, arson.

  Wanted land, less rent, and no redemption payments

  Peasant army began to rebel
• What was nationalities role in 1905 Revolution?

  Poles and Finns demanded autonomy

  300,000 troops sent to Poland
• What was Pontempkin role in 1905 Revolution?

  Troops killed 2,000 demonstrators

  Portsmouth Treaty- end to Russo Japanese war
• What happened in September/October of 1905 Rev?

  -General strike, 2 million in SP and M

  -Shortage of food and medical supplies, bodies piled up

  -Workers, students and professionals clashed w police

  
  

  -St Petersburg Soviet formed

  -Coordinated strikes, newspaper Izvestia

  -Chaired by Trotsky
• What was going on with the economy 1900-1914?

  -Economic slowdown due to RJ War

  -1908-11 6% industrial growth a year

  -1914 Russia was 5th largest industrial power

  -1909-11 Domestic investment 3x foreign

  -Consumer goods fell 52-45%
• What were Stolypin's Agrarian Reforms? 1906-11

  -Allowed peasants to leave Mir

  -Reduced Mir's power

  -Redistribute noble land

  -Helped Kulaks buy land from other peasants

  -tripled number of independent housholds 50,000-150,000
• What was Stolypin's coup

  deprived worker and peasants of votes in 2nd Duma to get more conservative electorate
• What was Lena Goldfield Massacre

  April 1912

  Workers striking about 14 hr working day

  200 killed

  Doubled the number of political strikes over next two years
• Why did Nicholas survive 1905 Revolution?

  - Army remained loyal

  (only 1/3 had a disturbance) made some reforms to increase pay. More meat, tea and sugar

  
  

  -Opposition was brutally repressed, control reestablished

  
  

  -Opposition not coordinated

  Had different aims, and as Oct manifesto split liberals and socialists, socialists were isolated and easy to crush

  
  

  -The violence and criminality had scared middle class. Wanted authority to prevail

  
  

  -Revolutionary parties not ready for political revolution

  
  

  -Loan from french in April 1906 stabilised economy and paid for troops
• What were the terms and results of the October Manifesto?

  -Civil liberties: freedom of speech and association, no unwarranted arrests.

  -An elected Duma

  
  

  * Celebration, Black hundreds marched onto street w portraits of tsar.

  *Clashed with left wing, great violence

  *Attacks on Jews, 3,000 murdered in October
• What were fundamental laws?

  April 1906

  Emperor possesses initiative in all legislation and ratifies laws

  No laws without his approval

  
  

  made dumas useless
• What happened in the 1st Duma (national hopes) 1906

  -Trudovik and Kadets put forth hostility to Tsar, he dissolved it

  -Vyborg manifesto : 200 kadets went to Finland to urge people not to pay tax
• What happened in 2nd Duma (national anger) 1907

  -Much more radical

  -Left and Right wings provoked each other

  -dissolved due to an assassination plot (excuse)

  -Stolypin's coup: deprived peasants and workers of vote to get a more conservative electorate
• What happened in 3rd Duma (lords and lackeys) 1907-12

  -Tried to halt Stolypin expanding into Western provinces

  -Agrarian reforms

  -1908- Universal education

  -improved army/navy
• What happened in the 4th Duma 1912-14

  -Continued education policies

  -Reformed orthodox church, reduced state control, criticism of lena goldfield

  -Progressive Bloc formed to offer Nicholas chance to work with people but he just suspended duma
• Impact of World War One:

  HOME FRONT

  - 27 million died, 2/3 of which were civillians

  -Food shortages, grain going to military and being hoarded by peasants

  -Railway collapsed

  -Inflation. Food and fuel prices quadrupled, wages only doubled

  -Ban on vodka sales, strikes 1915-16

  
  

  ON THE FRONT FRONT:

  -1000% growth in artilliary prod

  -1914 heavy loses at Battle of Tannenburg and Mansurian lakes

  - August 1915, Nick takes military control BIG MISTAKE. meant he was responsible for military failures and left Rasputin and Tsarina in control of country

  -Zemgor had to supply uniforms and boots to army, embarrassing for autocracy
• What were the events of the February revolution?

  - Announcement that bread was to be rationed

  - textile workers politicised a good humoured march, overturned trams, marched to Vyborg (radical area)

  -Men from Putilov engineering works joined them

  -Socialist groups got workers onto streets

  -Demanded end to WW1 and autocracy

  -Soldiers refused to fire on people

  -Nick still in Mogilev

  -Duma special committee said Nick had gone too far. Army high command agreed

  -Train stopped from entering capital. Abdicated in favour of brother who also refused.
• Kerensky's failings:


  -June offensive

  Massive propaganda campaign

  1000s killed in three days. Much territory lost

  
  

  -(subsequent) July Days

  Several days uncontrolled rioting

  20,000 Konstradt sailors marched to Tauride palace to demand soviet take power

  
  

  -Kornilov Affair

  Kerensky tried to get him to restore order

  Kornilov decided instead to establish military control over Petrograd

  Kerensky panicked and had to get Bol soldiers to defend city

  Ruined Kerensky, SR and menshevik reputation
• Other Weaknesses of Prov. Gov:

  - Wanted to continue war

  - No political authority

  - Temporary. Could make no binding decisions

  -