Cognition Exam 2

• What is this model called?

  Modal Model of Memory

  
• According to the modal model of memory, what is sensory memory?


  initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second.
• According to the modal model of memory, what is short-term memory?


  Holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds.
• According to the modal model of memory, what is long-term memory?


  Can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.
• Rehearsal


  repeating a stimulus over and over, as you might repeat a telephone number in order to hold it in your mind
• Persistence of Vision 


  Continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present. This lasts for only a fraction of a second
• Chunking


  small units (like words) can be combined into larger meaningful units, like phrases, or even larger units, like sentences, paragraphs, or stories
• Digit Span 


  the number of digits a person can remember. The average capacity of STM is about five to nine items
• Baddeley's Working Memory


  a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
• What is working memory concerned with?

  manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition
• Phonological Store


  Part of the phonological loop, this has a limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds
• Articulatory Rehearsal Process 


  Part of the phonological loop, this is responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying
• What type of information does the phonological loop hold?

  verbal and auditory information
• What type of information does the visuospatial sketch pad hold?

  Visual and spatial information.
• Central Executive 


  Pulls information from long-term memory and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad.
• Episodic Buffer 


  store information (thereby providing extra capacity) and is connected to LTM

  
• Mental Rotation


  An example of the operation of the visuospatial sketch pad because it involves visual rotation through space

  
• Phonological Similarity Effect 


  Confusion of letters or words that sound similar. The more similar the words the more difficult to recall in a list
• Word Length Effect 


  memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words
• What are the results of the serial position curve experiment.

  Participants remembered words that were at the beginning of a sequence (primary effect) and at the end of the sequence (recency effect)
• Episodic Memory 


  Long-term memories of experiences from the past, like the picnic
• Semantic Memory


  memories of facts such as an address or a birthday or the names of different objects
• Autobiographical Memory 


  Memories for experience from their own lives. These memories have both episodic components and semantic components
• Explicit memories are memories we are aware of.


  It consists of episodic and semantic memories
• Implicit memory occurs when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering. 


  Consists of procedural memory, priming, and conditioning
• Procedural Memory 


  Memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills
• Timescale for sensory memory, STM, and LTM

  Sensory: fraction of a second

  STM: 15 to 20 seconds

  LTM: years or decades
• Priming


  when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus
• Consolidation 


  process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
• Sleep's effect on Memory

  improves consolidation of new information
• Exemplar Approach


  individuals make category judgments by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory.
• Prototype Approach 


  membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to an "average" representation of a category
• High Typicality 


  a category member closely resembles the category prototype
• Low Typicality 


  category member does not closely resemble a typical member of the category
• Typicality Effect 


  The ability to judge highly prototypical objects more rapidly
• What is this model called

  Rosch's approach

  
• What is this model called?

  Semantic Network Approach

  
• Hierarchical nature of language 


  it consists of a series of small components that can be combined to form larger units
• Rule-based nature of language


  these components can be arranged in certain ways but not in other ways
• Lexical Ambiguity


  A word can have more than one meaning