SS4 Q4

• SWOT analysis


  A key part of any business and strategic plan that analyzes a project or business venture by focusing on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
• Elements of SWOT analysis

  • Strengths
  • Weaknesses
  • Opportunities
  • Threats
• Strengths and weaknesses


  • Internal factors
• Opportunities and threats


  • External factors
• SWOT diagram


  Typically consists of four boxes, one for each area of SWOT, but the exact shape may vary depending on the design
• Purpose of SWOT analysis

  • Helps decide whether or not to embark on a certain venture or strategy by visualizing the pros and cons
• Steps in SWOT analysis

  1. Identify strengths to build on

  2. Identify weaknesses to improve

  3. Identify opportunities to take advantage of

  4. Identify threats to respond to
• A strength for one part of an organization might be a weakness for another
• Considerations when doing SWOT analysis

  • Keep it brief and to the point
  • Include input from various areas of the company and external stakeholders
  • Keep the core business objectives in mind
  • Arrange factors in order of importance
• Building a SWOT diagram

  1. Determine the objective

  2. Create a grid with four boxes labeled strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

  3. Add factors that affect the project to the applicable boxes
• Analyzing the finished SWOT diagram helps determine if the positive outcomes outweigh the negative
• SWOT analysis should be kept up-to-date, not left stagnant for long
• Cost-benefit analysis


  A process to assess the value of a public investment project by determining and comparing the benefits and costs
• Conducting a cost-benefit analysis

  1. Determine the value of benefits and costs

  2. Appraise the present value of future benefits

  3. Compare total benefits and total costs

  4. Select the project with the highest net benefit
• Limitations of cost-benefit analysis

  • Difficulty in accurately placing monetary value on costs and benefits, especially for intangible factors like human life and wellbeing
  • Difficulty in determining value when people don't pay directly for the public good
• Example cost-benefit analysis for traffic light

  1. Estimate costs of materials and services to install traffic light

  2. Estimate benefits such as reduced accidents

  3. Compare total benefits and total costs to determine net benefit
• The option with the greatest net benefit should be selected
• The quality of data collected plays a big role in the value of a cost-benefit analysis
• Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)


  A highly systematic approach for identifying and analyzing potential failures in a system
• FMEA


  • Part of the deep and robust tool set that is Six Sigma
  • Comes out of manufacturing industry but can be very valuable to project managers in understanding and analyzing problems on your projects
• Typical FMEA worksheet


  1. Unique reference number and ID

  2. Outline the function, step, and item being analyzed

  3. Identify failure mode

  4. Identify potential causes

  5. Identify potential impact (local and system-wide effects)

  6. Measure severity

  7. Measure probability (frequency)

  8. Identify detection mode (existing controls)

  9. Calculate risk priority number (RPN)

  10. Identify further investigations needed

  11. Identify mitigation actions
• FMEA


  Similar to project risk management process, but focuses on failures of systems
• FMEA can be a useful additional tool for project managers to think about threats to their project or deliverables/products
• Political Systems theory 


  focuses on the political groups in power and interested in what the people wants (inputs) and what the government produces (outcomes).
• Group Theory


  focuses on how the groups in power mobilize to achieve positive outcome or the success of a policy.
• Elite Theory


  This focuses on the structure or system that benefits the needs of the elite groups rather than the public in general which produces outputs through a political compromise based only on personal visions.
• Institutionalism


  focuses on how the government institutions affect the outcomes which involves the formal and legal aspects in the process
• Rational Choice theory


  focuses on economics and how everyone acts on their own interests as a rational actor and maximizes social gain
• Game theory


  focuses on the idea of competition and cooperation that will result in the formation of incentives to a greater satisfaction of all
• State actors


  primary task is to ensure security and protection for their citizens
• non-state actors


  organized groups or individuals which ar epartly independent of a sovereign state
• Civil society


  As defined by the World Bank: encompasses ethical, cultural, political, scientific, religious or philanthropic considerations
• Civil Society Organization


  associations which are non-government and non-profit; operate outside the state; invariable in interacting with the environment
• Civil Society Organization


  associations which are non-government and non-profit; operate outside the state; invariable in interacting with the environment
• Non-governmental organizations


  non-profit entities that provide direct or indirect aid whenever the government may not provide adequate services
• Kongreso ng Mamamayang Pilipino (KOMPIL)


  It’s an NGO that promotes the practice of corporate social responsibility in the business sector.
• Haribon Foundation


  It’s a NGO that performs research-oriented and

  educational activities in order to promote the

  protection and preservation of natural resources

  and wildlife.
• Philippine Red Cross


  This NGO provides six major services: Blood

  Services, Disaster Management Services,

  Safety Services, Community Health and

  Nursing Services, Social Services, and the

  Volunteer Services.
• Political socialization

  • the process whereby a person develops their political beliefs, behavior, and values
  • Hyman describes this as the learning which most likely takes place, informally, due to one's interaction with others such as peers and family
• The American Government and Politics in the Information Age: