Past paper correction

• soil moisture surplus - evapoT < precipitation - soil moisture store is full from the recharge period
• soil moisture deficit - the only evapoT that occurs is the evapoT on precipitation - the soil moisture store has been exhausted
• soil moisture utilisation - evapoT > precipitation - water used from soil moisture to meet demand - water not being replenished - losing more water than gaining
• soil moisture recharge - precipitation > evapoT - gaining water - excess water recharges the soil moisture store
• antecedent conditions - moisture that was already present in soil prior to rain
• ablation

  • avalanches
  • meltwater
  • wind deposition
• short term meteorological conditions can cause short term changes in the mass balance of a glacier i.e., seasonality
• natural climate change cycles e.g., Milankovitch and sunspot cycles can impact mass balance overtime
• climate change has a destabilising impact on mass balance because there is a positive feedback cycle
• impacts can be linked to the hazard

  profile
• high areal extent can cause larger greater impacts

  e.g., Afghanistan
• 2 people died in the

  Paso Robles Quake
• there is an interaction of physical factors and

  the context surrounding the quake e.g., level of development
• 260 people died in the

  Afghanistan-Pakistan EQ
• Spatial predictability can also be a vital factor as areas with blind faults (such as Kobe 1995) can lead to

  to increased risks due to a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the risk.
• the significance of context in influencing the scale of disaster.
• the level of development impacts effective management because 


  strategies that have seen more success are more expensive
• 2023 Japan appointed X to disaster prevention budget

  $7bn - 1.2 trillion yen
• high magnitude events are hard to manage

  because they are infrequent
• events in the pacific ocean have seen effective management because

  they have high frequency which has enabled the effective use and modelling of the PWC prediction system in Hawaii
• PTWC is used for

  predicting tsunamis
• Hawaii is monitored

  24/7 by the PTWC
• in geographically isolated areas it is hard to

  receive aid e.g., Philippines has over 7000 islands
• Earthquake in the Hindu Kush region did not receive much

  aid in 2015 because it was in a remote location - over 300 people died + destruction to homes
• scree is formed by

  freeze thaw and weathering
• scree is also formed by the disintegration of 


  exposed rock on the summit of mountains
• a lip is formed at the bottom of the corrie 


  the glacier loses some erosive power and there is some deposition
• erosional features formed to due ice sheet scouring

  • roche mountee
  • knock and lochan
  • crag and tail
• ribbon lakes may be dammed by 


  a rock bar due to moraine at the edge of the lake
• Different approaches may be needed to manage glaciate landscapes

  • environmental sensitivity of the area - SSSI?
  • differences in cultural value
  • may be a multiple economic use zone
  • differences in scale
  • different threats
  • different players
• What percentage of movement is basal slip responsible for in warm glaciers

  75%
• glaciers near the sea will see accelerated rate of movement due to

  positive feedback cycles
• glacial movement can vary temporally

  • short term - seasons
  • long term - natural climate variations
• local conditions can impact the rate of movement

  • altitude
  • rock type
• medial moraines are 


  surface expressions of debris within the ice
• lowland depositional landscapes are formed e.g.,

  • ablation till
  • lodgement till
  • till plain (ground moraine)
• ground moraine is


  blanket of till

  • sediment that has slowly built up over time
• drumlins deposit material 


  subglacially
• what type of moraine occurs when debris is scooped up and pushed to the front

  terminal
• Evidence of eratics?


  Yorkshire dales has limestone rock but has some rock types but has some rock types from Scandinavia