UTS L2

• George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

  developed theory of social behaviorism in order to explain how social experience shapes a person's personality
• SELF - is the product of social experience; it is not part of the body and does not exist at the time of birth. For him, self develops as one interacts with others.
• Without interaction, the body grows without self.
• Social experience is the exchange of symbols. Human beings find meanings in action by inferring people’s underlying intention
• By taking the role of another, a person becomes self-aware
• The self has 2 parts; a. As subject, the self is active and spontaneous. “I"

  b. As an object, a person imagines himself as how others perceive him. “me”
• A person initiates an action (the I part of the self) and continous that action according to how others judge his action (the me part of the self).
• PREPARATORY STAGE - Initial 2 years of infants, they respond only through imitation. No self yet is developed.
• PLAY STAGE - About age 3, children begin to take the toles of significant others–people who are close and have a strong influence on them. They internalize the values and attitudes of their parents and eventually incorporating them with their own personalities.
• GAME STAGE - Children play the roles of the generalized others. (the people who do not have close relationship with the children but influence the children’s internalization of values in society)
• Whenever a person obeys the norms, values, and laws of his society, he is controlled by the “ME”.
• When the uniqueness, spontaneity, and creativity of a person occur which cannot be “invaded” by society, the person is controlled by “I”
• ERVING GOFFMAN - 1922-1982 has provided additional dimension to understand the self and socialization. According to him people in their everyday life are very much like actor performing in a stage.
• If one imagines himself doing what goes on in the theater of everyday life, he is doing dramaturgical analysis – the study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performance.
• Goffman refers embarrassment as “losing face.”
• Audience often overlooks the defects in the performance of the actor, which allows him to “save his face”.
• • SELF AWARENESS is the ability to tune in to your own feelings, thoughts, and actions. 
• • FERAL CHILDREN are deprived of mental, physical, and social growth because they are reared in or nearly total isolation from other humans.
• • RENE SPITZ 1945, reported that children who received less attention in institutions suffered developmental damage
• Two important dimensions of this evaluation:

  1.  self-esteem 
  2.  personal efficacy.
• • SELF-ESTEEM is the belief that one is good and valuable to others.
• • PERSONAL EFFICACY is another aspect of evaluation. Based on this principle, a person believes that he rise above obstacle or challenges and eventually achieves his goal.
• • SELF-EFFICACY refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997).