dev

• aspects of brain development

  cell proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation
• cell proliferation


  new neurons develop
• cell migration


  move to proper place
• cell differentiation


  specialized function
• anoxia


  oxygen deprivation
• APGAR scale


  appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration; 0-10
• reflexes are...

  inborn, automatic, responsive, shared
• reflects can be used as

  screening tool
• sleep checkerboard study

  more visual stimulation while awake results in less REM sleep
• crying is...

  involuntary (becomes voluntary at 6 months), adaptive
• well developed senses


  taste, smell, hearing, touch
• poorly developed sense


  vision; quickly improving
• senses developed before birth

  taste, smell
• hearing development

  inner ear develops at 24 weeks; cannot hear soft sounds & lack echo suppression
• bifoveal fixation


  image of object centered in each fovea when fixating on an object
• biofoveal fixation steps


  get image into fovea, process image
• baby focusing ability

  don't always converge on 1 image; slow and imprecise focus response; fovea twice as large; immature, misshapen, less concentrated cones
• weak aspects of baby vision


  basic vision, focusing ability, visual acuity, color vision
• strong aspects of baby vision


  categorization, recognition
• baby visual acuity

  prefer grating over plain gray
• baby color vision

  weak but fast adapting
• baby visual recognition


  capable of long term visual recognition; familiar vs novel faces
• novelty preference method


  infants prefer novel over familiar
• intermodal perception

  integrating sensory modalities
• auditory visual intermodal perception (stages)

  present at birth; match voice, match vowel, detect synchrony
• depth perception cues


  binocular, monocular kinetic, monocular static / pictorial
• binocular depth perception cues


  left vs right eye
• monocular kinetic depth perception cues


  motion parallax (speed & direction)
• monocular pictorial depth perception cues


  linear perspective (lines converge in distance), interposition, relative size
• motor brain-body integration (2 aspects)

  physical growth of body; brain development increases coordination
• motor-perception integration

  depth information + locomotion; gap crossing task
• motor implications for other developmental areas

  social & cognitive
• object permanence VOE

  not bad at searching - lack planning; fail task when processing resources are exceeded
• interpreting events - event categories

  occlusion, containment, collision, support; learn about them separately
• number ability

  can distinguish numbers, can distinguish big numbers (if doubled), can keep track of objects & do simple math with small numbers
• piaget - kids are...


  active learners, little scientists, constructivists, intrinsically motivated to learn
• piaget learning process

  assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium
• piaget assimilation


  use pre-existing schema
• piaget accommodation


  reorganize
• piaget equilibrium


  create stable theory