theories

Cards (45)

  • social learning theory (sex differences)

    modeling of & reinforcement of stereotyped behaviors; girls given household chores vs boys given outside of home chores, expect boys to be more mathematically skilled vs girls to be more socially skilled
  • multiple forms of intelligence theory
    built from observation of child prodigies that excel in 1 domain; people are different in the type of intelligence they possess & therefore have different ways to learns & will excel in different kinds of activities
  • multiple forms of intelligence theory empirical evidence
    people with localized brain damage can have impairment in certain domains but still do well in others
  • successful intelligence theory
    successful people tend to be balance in 3 abilities - analytic, creative, practical
  • stimulation theory (sleep)

    babies spend a lot of time in REM to compensate for limited visual stimulation because of how much newborns sleep
  • drive reduction theory (attachment)

    there are innate drives (hunger, thirst) that only the caregiver (mother) can satisfy
  • bowlby's attachment theory

    phases of attachment; reattachment, attachment in the making, clear cut attachment, reciprocal relationship
  • universality attachment hypothesis 

    all infants form attachments
  • normative attachment hypothesis

    most infants form a secure attachment relationship
  • sensitivity attachment hypothesis

    individual differences are due to differences in sensitivity of parenting
  • competence attachment hypothesis

    individual differences predict future competence
  • discrete emotions theory

    emotions are innate, tied to specific body reactions
  • functionalist emotions theory

    emotions have functions, are influenced by environment, emerge with experience
  • exchange theory

    preconventional morality - instrumental purpose orientation; cost-benefit relationship
  • gillian's theory of moral development
    endorse stages but shifts focus to care; pre conventional = individual matter is all that matters, conventional = self sacrifice is good & driven by care for others; postconventional = care about others & self is integrated
  • kohlberg's stages (moral development)

    level 1= preconventional morality (punishment & obedience orientation, instrumental purpose orientation); level 2 = conventional morality (good boy/girl orientation, social order maintaining orientation); level 3 = postconventional morality (social construct orientation, universal ethical purpose orientation)
  • attachment theories

    psychoanalytic, drive reduction theory, bowlby's attachment theory
  • attachment theory hypotheses

    universal, normative, sensitivity, competence
  • emotion origin theories

    functionalist, discrete emotions
  • moral development theories

    piaget, kohlberg, gillian
  • approaches to moral development

    normative, pluralistic
  • pluralistic approach to moral development

    humans have 5 distinct moral modules; adaptive challenge, proper domain (adaptive triggers), actual domain (commonly encountered triggers), characteristic emotions, relevant virtues & vices
  • normative approach to moral development

    reason what is right vs wrong, development is due to cognitive abilities & some social influence, response to moral dilemma
  • intelligence theories

    multiple forms, successful intelligence
  • culture specific hypotheses to parenting
    culture independence hypothesis, normative hypothesis
  • cultural independence hypothesis (parenting)

    interdependent countries = kids are more willing to take on parents' demands
  • normative hypothesis (parenting)

    countries where intrusiveness is common = kids don't attach negative meaning to it
  • sleep checkerboard study

    more visual stimulation while awake results in less REM sleep
  • novelty preference method

    infants prefer novel over familiar
  • piaget major characteristics of development
    universal, invariant, discontinuous, parallel
  • universalist perspective of parenting

    there is an innate need to feel autonomous & connected; intrusiveness undermines the fulfillment of this need
  • brofrenbrenner's ecological model
    microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
  • fluid vs crystallized intelligence
    fluid = ability to think flexibly, solve new problems, learn in new situations; crystallized = ability to use acquired skills & knowledge; theoretically distinct but people with high fluid intelligence more likely to have high crystallized intelligence
  • ABC of engagement in school
    affective engagement, behavioral engagement, cognitive engagement
  • individual differences in achievement
    how changeable ability is; response to challenge (mastery vs helpless response)
  • peer relationships impact...
    self regulatory & interpersonal skills
  • praise impacts... (achievement)

    kids told they ere smart are more vulnerable to setbacks; increases worry about failure & wanting to look good
  • conceptual development is impacted by...

    changes in experience & knowledge; changes in information processing
  • attachment impacts...

    social functioning & competence, emotional understanding & self regulation
  • culture impacts...

    ideal child/parent, what makes a good person, storytelling, shyness & popularity