theories

• social learning theory (sex differences)


  modeling of & reinforcement of stereotyped behaviors; girls given household chores vs boys given outside of home chores, expect boys to be more mathematically skilled vs girls to be more socially skilled
• multiple forms of intelligence theory


  built from observation of child prodigies that excel in 1 domain; people are different in the type of intelligence they possess & therefore have different ways to learns & will excel in different kinds of activities
• multiple forms of intelligence theory empirical evidence

  people with localized brain damage can have impairment in certain domains but still do well in others
• successful intelligence theory

  successful people tend to be balance in 3 abilities - analytic, creative, practical
• stimulation theory (sleep)


  babies spend a lot of time in REM to compensate for limited visual stimulation because of how much newborns sleep
• drive reduction theory (attachment)


  there are innate drives (hunger, thirst) that only the caregiver (mother) can satisfy
• bowlby's attachment theory


  phases of attachment; reattachment, attachment in the making, clear cut attachment, reciprocal relationship
• universality attachment hypothesis 


  all infants form attachments
• normative attachment hypothesis


  most infants form a secure attachment relationship
• sensitivity attachment hypothesis


  individual differences are due to differences in sensitivity of parenting
• competence attachment hypothesis


  individual differences predict future competence
• discrete emotions theory


  emotions are innate, tied to specific body reactions
• functionalist emotions theory


  emotions have functions, are influenced by environment, emerge with experience
• exchange theory


  preconventional morality - instrumental purpose orientation; cost-benefit relationship
• gillian's theory of moral development


  endorse stages but shifts focus to care; pre conventional = individual matter is all that matters, conventional = self sacrifice is good & driven by care for others; postconventional = care about others & self is integrated
• kohlberg's stages (moral development)


  level 1= preconventional morality (punishment & obedience orientation, instrumental purpose orientation); level 2 = conventional morality (good boy/girl orientation, social order maintaining orientation); level 3 = postconventional morality (social construct orientation, universal ethical purpose orientation)
• attachment theories


  psychoanalytic, drive reduction theory, bowlby's attachment theory
• attachment theory hypotheses


  universal, normative, sensitivity, competence
• emotion origin theories


  functionalist, discrete emotions
• moral development theories


  piaget, kohlberg, gillian
• approaches to moral development


  normative, pluralistic
• pluralistic approach to moral development


  humans have 5 distinct moral modules; adaptive challenge, proper domain (adaptive triggers), actual domain (commonly encountered triggers), characteristic emotions, relevant virtues & vices
• normative approach to moral development


  reason what is right vs wrong, development is due to cognitive abilities & some social influence, response to moral dilemma
• intelligence theories


  multiple forms, successful intelligence
• culture specific hypotheses to parenting


  culture independence hypothesis, normative hypothesis
• cultural independence hypothesis (parenting)


  interdependent countries = kids are more willing to take on parents' demands
• normative hypothesis (parenting)


  countries where intrusiveness is common = kids don't attach negative meaning to it
• sleep checkerboard study


  more visual stimulation while awake results in less REM sleep
• novelty preference method


  infants prefer novel over familiar
• piaget major characteristics of development

  universal, invariant, discontinuous, parallel
• universalist perspective of parenting


  there is an innate need to feel autonomous & connected; intrusiveness undermines the fulfillment of this need
• brofrenbrenner's ecological model

  microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
• fluid vs crystallized intelligence

  fluid = ability to think flexibly, solve new problems, learn in new situations; crystallized = ability to use acquired skills & knowledge; theoretically distinct but people with high fluid intelligence more likely to have high crystallized intelligence
• ABC of engagement in school

  affective engagement, behavioral engagement, cognitive engagement
• individual differences in achievement


  how changeable ability is; response to challenge (mastery vs helpless response)
• peer relationships impact...

  self regulatory & interpersonal skills
• praise impacts... (achievement)


  kids told they ere smart are more vulnerable to setbacks; increases worry about failure & wanting to look good
• conceptual development is impacted by...


  changes in experience & knowledge; changes in information processing
• attachment impacts...


  social functioning & competence, emotional understanding & self regulation
• culture impacts...


  ideal child/parent, what makes a good person, storytelling, shyness & popularity