Gender inequality P2

• 7B.3 first wave feminism


  mid 1800s

  reforming the social and legal inequalities affecting women and in particular achieve universal suffrage - right to vote

  by the 1900a the first wave feminism achieved lots of its goals

  • 1928 - right to vote
  • girls allowed to take part in formal examinations
  • allowed to enter a greater range of occupation
  • married woman property rights
• 7B.3 second wave feminism


  grew in the 1960s and 1970s and was linked to other social change campaigns

  'the personal is political' - many personal problems experienced by women are the result of the unequal way society is ran

  centered on achieving anti discrimination policies and equal rights

  national women's liberation movement brought about 4 changes:

  • equal pay for equal work
  • equal education and job opportunities
  • free contraception and abortion on demand
  • free 24-hour nursaries
• 7B.3 third wave feminism


  mid 1990s onward

  seen as more diverse and individualistic

  focuses less on laws and political processes and more on individual identity - acknowledges that women come from different ethnicities, nationalities, religions and culture so there can't be one approach to feminism
• 7B.3 fourth wave feminism 


  claim they use the internet to bring about change where they see the means of online petitions and direct action

  • everyday sexism project - social media campaign in 2012
  • Mumsnet
  • UK feminista
• 7B.3 Oakley


  gender role socialisation in the family is an important area where gender inequality takes root from a young age:

  • manipulation - encouragement of gender appropriate behaviour
  • canalisation - channeling of gendered toys
  • verbal appellations
  • different activities
• 7B.3 Feely


  family teaches children to submit to a form of parental authority that is patriarchal

  'designed to teach passivity not rebellion'
• 7B.3 Benston


  wife keeps husband in good order by caring for him and this is essential for the smooth running of capitalism

  man must provide for wife and children
• 7B.3 Ansley


  women acting as a safety valve

  'takers of shit'

  when wives play their traditional role as TOS they absorb husbands legitimate anger and frustration at their own oppression
• 7B.3 Brugel

  family is central to women oppression

  rulling class use women as reserve army of labour then send them back to housewife when they are no longer required
• 7B.3 Millett


  men originally acquired power over women because of biological factors

  modern technology (eg contraceptive pill) have meant that men can no longer legitimate their power and domination
• 7B.3 Johnson


  patriarchal terrorism

  violence that is the result of patriarchal traditions of mens right to control "their" woman
• 7B.3 World health organisation


  in 2013 the incidence of women who had experienced physical or sexual abuse from an intimate partner in lifetime was:

  • 30% globally
  • 25.4% in europe
• 7B.3 Atkinson


  feminism is the theory, lesbianism is the practice
• 7B.3 Walby


  private patriarchy to public patriarchy

  • women have entered public employment but still face disadvantage

  disadvantage happens through 6 patriarchal structures in society

  • paid employment - horizontal and vertical segregation
  • household - housework
  • state - acts in interest of men
  • cultural institutions - women as sex objects
  • sexuality - double standard
  • violence against women - sexual assult
• 7B.3 Hakim


  preference theory

  • home centred - 20% women in Britain
  • adaptive - 60%
  • work centred - 20%
• 7B.3 Murdock


  gender roles in 250 societies

  women were located in the home because of their biological function of bearing children
• 7B.3 Parsons and bales


  expressive = women - caring roles

  instrumental = men - practical role

  both contribute to the smooth running of society
• 7B.3 Rastogi


  human capital theory

  differences can be explained by the human capital differences individuals have through the knowledge and skills they have obtained
• 7B.3 Schlafly


  marriage and motherhood is part of the nature of women

  any woman who flys from home is "in pursuit of false hopes and fading fantasies"
• 7B.3 Engles


  women's position result of ownership of private property development of the nuclear family that went with it.

  exploiter-exploited relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is translated in the household between men and women
• 7B.3 neo-marxists

  social structure based on dominance of some groups over others and groups in society share common interests whether the members are aware of it or not
• 7B.3 Barron and Norris


  dual labour market

  primary labour market:

  • secure well payed jobs

  secondary labour market:

  • low pay
  • poor security
• 7B.3 Electoral commission


  women are significantly less likely than men to participate in politics
• 7B.3 Rich 


  compulsory heterosexuality

  women forced to be straight so men can continue to exert their power
• 7B.3 Popenoe


  biological imperatives

  men and women are both suited to separate roles