Respiratory System

• The Respiratory System

  
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• Alveoli


  Air sac in the lungs; functional unit of the lungs

  
• Bronchi


  The two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs that serve as passageways for air
• Bronchioles


  One of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes
• Epiglottis


  The uppermost cartilage of the larynx; closes during swallowing to direct food and liquids into the esophagus
• Expiration


  Exhalation; breathing out; process by which air moves out of the lungs
• Glottis


  The opening between the vocal cords
• Hilum


  Opening on the lung's medial surface through which primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels pass
• Inspiration


  Inhalation; breathing in; process by which air enters the lungs
• Intrapleural pressure


  The pressure between the visceral and parietal pleurae, which assists with lung expansion
• Larynx


  Structure made of cartilage and muscle at the upper end of the trachea; part of the airway and the vocal apparatus
• Palate


  Bony structure separating the mouth from the nasal cavity
• Partial pressure


  The contribution of a single gas in a mixture of gases toward the total pressure of the gas mixture
• Perfusion


  Blood flows into the alveolar capillaries from the right ventricle, CO2 is brought to the alveoli for exchange of oxygen
• Pharynx


  Muscular tube behind the oral and nasal cavities; commonly called the throat
• Pleura


  Serous membrane covering the lungs and the thoracic cavity
• Respiration


  Gas exchange; giving Oxygen to the cells and removing Carbon dioxide
• Surfactant


  Lipoprotein secreted by alveolar cells that decreases surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli, permitting expansion of alveoli
• Tidal volume


  The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
• Trachea


  Portion of the respiratory tract that carries air through the neck and upper chest

  
• Ventilation


  The movement of air into and out of the lungs
• Vital capacity


  The amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible breath
• Respiratory system Is an open system. It allows oxygen to enter our body and carbon dioxide to be removed out of the body.
• Divisions of the respiratory system

  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Lower respiratory tract

  
• Functions of the respiratory system

  • Gas exchange
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Voice Production
  • Olfaction
  • Innate Immunity
  • Ventilation

  
• The upper respiratory tract is from the nose to the larynx and the lower respiratory tract is from the trachea to the alveoli.

  
• The upper respiratory tract is kept open by the cartilages. These are non-collapsible structures that prevent collapse of tissues.

  
• The lower respiratory tract is composed also of cartilages in the trachea and the bronchi and bronchioles are lined by the smooth muscles.

  
• When smooth muscles contract bronchioles constrict and when smooth muscles relax, bronchioles dilate.
• Nose


  Not only the organ for smelling but also the opening of the respiratory system. Contains protective structures like hair, mucus and nasal turbinate.
• Nasopharynx


  Serves as passageway of air from the nose to the larynx
• Larynx


  Largest cartilage of the body, serves as passageway of air and organ for phonation or sound production
• Cartilages of the larynx

  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Arytenoid cartilage
  • Corniculate cartilages
  • Cuneiform cartilages
• Glottis


  Opening of the larynx over the true vocal cords, air coming from the lungs cause the vocal cord to vibrate producing sounds
• The trachea is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells that produce mucus.
• The smooth muscles and the connective tissues are encircled by incomplete rings of cartilages shaped like a stack of Cs.
• Sneezing and coughing reflexes expel foreign body as they enter the respiratory system.
• Bronchi and bronchial tree

  Larger branches are called bronchi and smaller ones are called bronchioles. The trachea divides into two primary bronchi, the point in the trachea where it divides into right and left bronchi is called the carina.
• The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes.