English 4th QTR

• Literature Review


  • Shows reader what literature you used and its credibility
  • To show the audience that you researched your topic
• Literature Review Format


  1. Opening Clause

  2. Main Part

  3. Conclusion
• Sources to search for relevant literature

  • Google scholar
  • Pubmed
  • ScienceDirect
  • Paperity.org
  • Research Gate
• Evaluating and selecting sources

  1. Read the abstract if it is relevant or not

  2. Check bibliography to find different sources

  3. Look at the citation count
• Identify in literature review

  • Themes
  • Debates
  • Gaps
  • Influential studies
• Literature review structure


  • Chronological
  • Thematic
  • Methodological
  • Theoretical
• Sampling


  Formal process in choosing the correct subgroup to participate in a research study
• Probability Sampling


  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Random Sampling
  • Stratified Random Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
• Non-Probability Sampling


  • Convenience Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Volunteer Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
• Faulty Logic


  • Circular Reasoning
  • Overgeneralization
  • Self-contradiction
  • False Causality
  • Oversimplification
  • Assumptions
• Bibliography


  • A list of sources
  • Integral
  • Extensively used for your written report
  • Placed at the end
  • Keep track of your resource materials
• Bibliography Format


  • Author's last name, first name in alphabetical order
  • If author is unknown, then the title of the source should be written first, also in alphabetical order
• Bibliography Styles


  • MLA (Modern Language Association)
  • APA (American Psychological Association)
  • Chicago Manual Style
• Idiomatic Expressions


  • Accentophile
  • Bahala na
  • Estafa
  • Longboarding
  • Mantrum
  • Misophonia
  • Mahalo
  • Sneakerhead
  • Test Drive
  • Utang na Loob
• Text Styles


  • Informative Writing
  • Persuasive Writing
  • Argumentative Writing
• My Husband's Tongue is Bitter
• Africa's looming tendencies to embrace western influences
• Sexual oppression, sexism, racism, and upholding core values and culture
• Permutation


  Arrangement of things in a definite order
• Permutation


  • Ordered arrangement of distinguishable objects without allowing repetitions among the objects
  • n is the number of things
  • r "taken at a time"
• Permutation with Repetition


  Mostly applicable with words
• Circular Permutations


  Special case of permutation where the arrangement of things is in a circular pattern
• Key Rings


  • Half of circular permutations as objects that apply to this situations must have holes in the middle (key rings, bracelets, donuts)
• Combination


  Selection made from a group of items without regard to its order
• Quartiles


  Divide data into 4 equal parts
• First Quartile


  • 25% below, 75% above
• Second Quartile


  • 50% below, 50% above
• Third Quartile


  • 75% below, 25% above
• Upper quartile


  • To find the position of n in a set
• Formula to find Quartile


  Depending on what is asked, n is varied. (Q2 will require n/2, Q3 will require 3n/4)
• Percentiles


  Divide a distribution into 100 equal parts
• Formula to find Percentile


  Same formula but n is changed into c, where c is the given percentile
• Deciles


  Divide a distribution into 10 equal parts
• Formula to find Decile


  Same formula but n is changed into 10, where 10 is the number of equal parts
• Frequency Table


  1. Find the Range. (Highest Score - Lowest Score)

  2. Find k. (k = √n) n is the no. of population. Round Off

  3. Find the interval. (Range/k) always round up.

  4. Find the classes. Starting from lowest score, interval - 1 = next class, until highest score (pwede lumampas, basta hindi kulang)

  5. Tally frequency.

  6. Find the numerical value of the tally

  7. Complete the table (class, frequency, lower boundary, <cf - starting from lowest class frequency, add the upper class' frequency until you finish at the top.)

  8. Assumed mean - after getting the result from the formula, find a class that has the closest higher <cf.

  9. To check if the computation is right, the final answer should be in the class range.