bio interactive notes mitosis and meiosis

• Interphase


  During this stage, the cell grows and DNA replicates. There are 3 parts to this stage
• what is the first part of Interphase

  G1 phase
• what does the g1 phase do

  Cell growth
• What is the second part of Interphase

  S phase
• What does the S phase do

  Synthesis phase, DNA replicates
• What is the third part of Interphase

  G2 phase
• What does the G2 phase do

  prepares for mitosis and cells continue to grow
• Mitosis


  part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
• cytokinesis


  division of the cytoplasm
• cancer


  A group of cells that are dividing uncontrollably
• Cyclins


  proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
• Meiosis


  The process of making gametes ( eggs and sperm)
• Gametes need to have ____ the DNA of a normal cell ( this is called ____)

  Half, Haploid
• Meiosis begins with a _____ parent cell and ends with 4 _____ daughter cells

  Diploid, haploid
• Interphase 1


  Parent cell replicates its DNA to make double-stranded chromosomes. This cell is DIPLOID (2N)

  
• Prophase 1


  crossing over occurs in

  
• Metaphase 1


  Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at their centromere and homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

  
• Anaphase 1


  Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes apart

  
• telophase + cytokinesis


  A new nuclear membrane forms and the cell separates into 2 haploid cells

  
• Prophase II


  nuclear membrane dissolves and chromosomes pack up tightly. These cells are now haploid

  
• metaphase II


  Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at their centromere and chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell

  
• Anaphase II


  spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart

  
• Telophase II


  New nuclear membranes form and the cell begins to separate

  
• Cytokinesis


  Meiosis II results in four haploid(N) daughter cells

  
• Sex chromosomes


  Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism ( x or y)
• What sex chromosomes does a male have

  XY
• What sex chromosomes does a female have

  XX
• Autosomes


  non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)
• How many autosomes do humans have

  44 ( 22 pairs)
• Sexual reproduction


  When 2 cells ( egg & sperm) join to produce a zygote
• Asexual reproduction


  Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
• Binary fission ( mitosis)


  parent cell replicates its DNA and then divides into 2 cells.
• Budding


  part of a parent pinches off to form offspring.
• karyotype


  A photograph of the chromosomes in a cell
• Nondisjunction


  when chromosomes do not separate properly
• Normal humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. If any chromosomes are missing or added, what is the result?

  A disorder
• If a body cell of a chimpanzee contains 48 chromosomes, a gamete produced by a chimpanzee will contain how many chromosomes?

  24 chromosomes
• Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
• Meiosis is the process by which sex cells (gametes) are produced, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.