genetics

• Heredity


  All biological processes involved in the transmission of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring
• Genes


  Functional unit of heredity which controls the development of one or more traits
• Gregor Mendel


  • Austrian monk who made an experimental approach on heredity
• Garden Peas


  • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fharvesttotable.com%2Fhow_to_grow_peas_garden_englis%2F&psig=AOvVaw2rcQduRTn7quLRQ4cBQgmN&ust=1665749253475000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCJi8l-WV3foCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
• Blood Vessels


  • https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wO8UtmfBkug/maxresdefault.jpg
• Blood Vessels


  • https://img.money.com/2015/03/150305_em_blueeyes.jpg?quality=60&w=1600
• Genotype


  Combinations of inherited alleles of an organism
• Homozygous


  Same alleles
• Heterozygous


  Different alleles
• Phenotype


  Visual expression of the two inherited alleles
• Princess Anna and Princess Elsa

  • FF (homozygous freckles)

  Ff (heterozygous freckles)

  ff (homozygous without freckles)
• Freckles

  FF (homozygous freckles)

  Ff (heterozygous freckles)

  ff (homozygous without freckles)
• Law of Segregation


  Two alleles for a heritable trait separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
• Law of Independent Assortment


  Genes for particular traits are assorted independently
• Law of Dominance


  In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation
• Homozygous genotype


  Dominant phenotype
• Heterozygous genotype

  Dominant phenotype
• Homozygous genotype

  Recessive phenotype
• Punnett square


  A simple graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of genotypes
• Monohybrid cross

  2x2 grid is used
• Dihybrid cross

  4x4 grid is used
• Trihybrid cross

  4x4 grid is used
• Possible Parents' Genotypes: Father (Bb) and Mother (Bb)

  1 homozygous brown eye color (BB)

  2 heterozygous brown eye color (Bb)

  1 homozygous blue eye color (bb)

  3 brown eye color

  1 blue eye color
• Homozygous blue tail and heterozygous veil tail (BBVv)

  Homozygous black tail and heterozygous veil tail (bbVv)

  Use 2x2 grid to distribute alleles of each parent

  Use 4x4 grid to predict possible genotypes of offspring
• Covered

  Blue color tail (B) and veil type tail (V) are the dominant traits
• Black color tail (b) and the crown type tail (v)


  Are the recessive traits
• Crossing homozygous blue tail and heterozygous veil tail

  BV, BV, Bv, Bv
• Crossing homozygous black tail and heterozygous veil tail

  bV, bV, bv, bv
• Possible genotypes of offspring

  • BV, BV, Bv, Bv, bV, bV, bv, bv
• Possible genotypes of offspring


  • BB VV, BB Vv, Bb VV, Bb Vv, bb VV, bb Vv, Bb vv, bb vv
• Mendel's experiment on garden peas
• Law of Segregation
• Law of Independent Assortment
• Law of Dominance
• Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
• Incomplete dominance


  Expression of intermediate or blended traits in a heterozygous individual
• Crossing pink flower (Aa) with another pink flower (Aa)

  AA, Aa, aa
• Codominance


  Two alleles may be equally dominant and both are expressed in the heterozygous condition
• Multiple alleles

  One gene has several possible alleles and this often results in more than one possible genotypes for a particular trait
• Blood types (Phenotype)

  • A, B, AB, O