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• phase is a homogenous, physically distinct, and mechanically separable portion of matter present in a non-homogeneous system.
• condensed phases are liquids and solids
• intramolecular acts within molecules
• intermolecular acts between molecules
• intramolecular is not strongly affected by physical changes, while intermolecular is strongly affected by physical changes
• intramolecular determines the chemical behaviour, while intermolecular determine the state of matter
• the physical properties of a substance depend upon its physical state
• kinetic molecular theory states that all matter is made up particles and these particles are always in motion
• if bond is polar, then the molecule can either be polar or non-polar
• if bond is non polar, then the molecule is automatically non polar
• VSEPR means valence shell electron pair repulsion
• surface tension is a measure of the elastic force on a liquid's surface.
• viscosity is the resistance of fluids to flow
• the vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a liquid above a sample of the liquid in a closed container
• the boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure
• heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to vaporize a given amount of substance as its boiling point
• capillary action is the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or to be drawn into small openings
• cohesive force is the intermolecular bonding of a substance where its mutual attractiveness forces them to maintain a certain shape of the liquid
• adhesive force is when forces of attraction between unlike molecules occur
• unit cell is the smallest subunit of a crystal lattice that can be repeated over and over to make the entire crystal
• A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
• The regular repeating pattern that the atoms arrange in is called the crystalline lattice
• amorphous solids is a solid material with a random orientation of particles
• solids can be categorized into two groups: the crystalline solids and amorphous solids
• crystalline solids are arranged in fixed geometric patterns or lattices
• the word amorphous is derived from the greek word "omorphe" which means "shapeless"
• four types of crystalline solids: ionic, metallic, covalent, molecular
• amorphous melt over a range of a temperature, while crystalline have a sharp melting point
• amorphous has no definite fusion, crystalline has definite heat fusion
• amorphous is called isotropic
• crystalline is called anisotropic
• covalent solids has two forms: two and three dimensional
• molecular solids has three forms: polar, non polar, hydrogen bonded
• amount of kinetic energy is related to its temperature
• amount of space in particles is related to substances' state of matter
• ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of electrons between atoms. it generates two positive charged ions.
• polar covalent bond is formed when atoms of slightly different electronegativities share electrons
• non polar covalent bond is formed between same atoms or atoms with very similar electronegativities.
• dipole-dipole molecule occurs when the positively charged part of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged part of the neighboring molecule.
• hydrogen bonding occurs specifically between hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom