CO4 ANSCI

• Ruminants


  Any member of the order Artiodactyla, suborder Ruminantia (e.g. sheep, cattle, goat, buffalo, camel, giraffe, deer). These animals are even toed and hoofed, all chew the cud, and have a stomach consisting of four chambers.
• Classification of ruminants


  • Kingdom: Animalia
  • Phylum: Chordata (with backbone)
  • Class: Mammalia (feeding the young with milk)
  • Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed, hooved)
  • Sub-Order: Ruminantia (cud-chewing, even-toed, hoofed mammals)
  • Family: There are five (5)
• Sub-families of Bovidae


  • Bovinae (kudu, nyala, bushbucks, domestic ruminants)
  • Hippotraginae (waterbuck, oryx, addax, puku)
  • Antilopinae (springbok, gazelle, impala, blackbuck, Tibetan antelope)
  • Caprinae (goat antelopes & goral, muskox & takin, ibex, goat & sheep)
• Genera and species of domestic bovines

  • Bos taurus (European cattle with less prominent hump)
  • Bos indicus (Zebu cattle of India & Pakistan with prominent hump)
  • Bos banteng (cattle of Bali & Sumatra, Indonesia& Malay Peninsula)
  • Bos gruniens (yak)
  • Bos/Bubalus bubalis (buffalo); Bubalus carabanensis (carabao)
  • Capra hircus (goat)
  • Ovis aries (sheep)
• Common ruminant livestock terms for cattle

  • Ox
  • Bull
  • Bullock
  • Cow
  • Heifer
  • Steer
  • Stag
  • Calf
  • In-calf
  • Calving
  • Free martin
  • Beef
  • Veal
• Common ruminant livestock terms for sheep

  • Ram
  • Ewe
  • Wether
  • Stag
  • Lamb
  • Shearling
  • Lambing
  • Mutton
  • Lamb
  • Fleece
  • Pelt
• Common ruminant livestock terms for goats

  • Buck or Billy goat
  • Doe or Nanny
  • Wether
  • Stag
  • Kid
  • Kidding
  • In-kid
  • Chevon
  • Mohair
• Global dairy production status

  
• Efforts of the Philippine Government to Develop the Dairy Industry

  
• Philippine Dairy Industry
• Milk derived products


  • Condensed milk
  • Evaporated milk
  • Whole milk powder
  • Skimmilk powder
  • Buttermilk
  • Yoghurt
  • Cottage cheese (kesong puti, mozzarella, hard cheese, etc.)
  • Ice cream, milk-o-gel, others
  • Colostrum (first milk) is rich in antibodies

  
• Milk: nature's most perfect food
• Breeds of Dairy Cattle

  • Milking Shorthorn
  • Jersey
  • Guernsey
  • Brown Swiss
  • Ayrshire
  • Holstein-Friesian
• Australian-Friesian Sahiwal


  Originated in Queensland, Australia. Sahiwal (dairy Zebu from Pakistan) & Holstein-Friesian. Average milk yield is 3,000 liters for mature cows.

  
• Ayrshire


  Originated in the County of Ayr in Scotland. Purebred Ayrshires only produce red and white offspring. Moderate butterfat breed.
• Guernsey

  Color varies from yellow to reddish-brown with white patches. Produce high quality milk while consuming 20 to 30 percent less feed per pound of milk produced. Unique producer of rich yellow colored milk gave her the title "Golden Guernsey".
• Brown Swiss


  Color light brown in color with a creamy white muzzle and dark nose, dark-blue eye pigmentation. Raised due to its good milk, protein, and butter fat production. Best fat-to-protein ratio.
• Holstein


  Color patterns of black and white or red and white. Produce 9 gallons of milk, daily during a cow's standard lactation of 305 days. Highest milk productions in the world. Not as resistant to heat and diseases when in difficult agro-ecological areas.

  
• Jersey


  Second largest breed of dairy cattle in the world. Known for their rich in protein, minerals and trace elements milk. Produce 6 gallons of 5% butterfat milk each day.

  
• Sahiwal


  Tick-resistant, heat-tolerant and noted for its high resistance to parasites. Can produce average 2270kg of milk during a lactation. Heaviest milker of all Zebu breeds.
• Milking Shorthorn


  Shorthorn milk has the most favorable protein-fat ratio of the dairy breeds. 9000 kgs of milk per 305 days. Efficient converter of feed to milk, especially pasture and other forage.
• Breeds of Goats & Their Milk Production Potential

  • Anglo-Nubian
  • Toggenburg
  • Saanen
  • French Alpine
  • Dadiangas
  • Native
• Dairy Buffalo Breeds


  • Murrah
  • Jafarabadi
  • Surti
  • Nili-Ravi
• Breeding Management


  Most common is hand mating. "A good bull is cheap at any price an inferior bull is expensive at any price". First service = 15-18 months. Duration of lactation is 5-9 months though adult cows can be milked for a year. Period between lactations is 2 months; Drying the cow 2 months before her next calf. Productive period is until 5-6 years old.
• Feeding Management


  Objective: "to provide rations for optimum milk production of acceptable composition while promoting heath to the cow". Fresh forages – primary constituent of most dairy rations at 60-70% of ration DM to supply fiber. Concentrates – as supplement.
• Ideal ration characteristics


  • Ad libitum fresh water
  • CF = 15-19% (early lactation or high-producing); 19-24% (late lactation or low-producing cows)
  • CP = 12-16% (at early lactation); 12-14% (late lactation or low-producing cows)
  • DM intake of 1.5 to 3.6% of BW
• Milk Production


  Peak milk production is reached in 2-6 weeks after parturition and declines slowly until drying-off. Milk secretion declines more rapidly after 5th month of pregnancy than in non-pregnant cows, as hormones produced in the ovary and uterus interact with hormones of the pituitary gland that control milk secretion. Persistency (degree to which lactation is maintained): Cow C: 80%, Cow B: 85%, Cow A: 90%.

  
• Ideal ration characteristics


  • Ad libitum fresh water
  • CF = 15-19% (early lactation or high-producing); 19-24% (late lactation or low-producing cows)
  • CP = 12-16% (at early lactation); 12-14% (late lactation or low-producing cows)
  • DM intake of 1.5 to 3.6% of BW
• Milk production


  • Peak milk production is reached in 2-6 weeks after parturition and declines slowly until drying-off
  • Milk secretion declines more rapidly after 5th month of pregnancy than in non-pregnant cows, as hormones produced in the ovary and uterus interact with hormones of the pituitary gland that control milk secretion

  
• Persistency


  Degree to which lactation is maintained
• Persistency


  • Cow C: 80%
  • Cow B: 85%
  • Cow A: 90%

  
• Milking time


  Should be 6-8 minutes only, based on oxytocin surge
• Maintain cleanliness – wash udder thoroughly, etc.
• Need for improved pasture

  • Feed value of native vegetation & farm by-products is low
  • Energy, protein, vitamins & minerals from forages are a lot cheaper than from concentrates
• Native vegetation


  Low nutritive value; low voluntary intake & digestibility
• Toxic weeds


  Avoid intake of large quantities; causes scouring, etc.
• Grasses and legumes


  • Grasses give higher yields, while legumes give more protein
• Soil fertility level and forage yield

  • Low fertility: 100-200 kg green feed/100 m2/year
  • Medium fertility: 200-400 kg green feed/100 m2/year
  • High fertility: 400-1000 kg green feed/100 m2/year
• Soil fertility level and forage protein content

  • Low fertility: 15-25% protein, 2.4-4.0% nitrogen
  • Medium fertility: 5-15% protein, 0.8-2.4% nitrogen
  • High fertility: 5-15% protein, 0.8-2.4% nitrogen
• Grasses


  Give more yield of DM, but limited in protein (7-9% CP)