Sport Psychology 5 2660

• ABC analysis


  Identifying the antecedents and consequences of operant behaviour
• Stimulus control


  The degree of correlation between a stimulus and a behaviour
• Stimulus control example


  • A volleyball aims their serve at the weakest player
• Good stimulus


  A strong correlation between the occurrence of a particular stimulus and the occurrence of a particular response
• Good stimulus example


  • When a rider feels the change in a flying lead change their seat automatically adjusts to ride better with that lead change
• S^D


  An event has been correlated with the availability of a reinforcer for a particular operant behaviour which then leads to an S^D response
• S^D example


  • When a coach is telling their player keep their hands up in volleyball and they do and then coach praises them
• S^E


  An event has been correlated with extinction trails for a particular operant behaviour which then leads to an S^E response
• S^E example


  • When a swimmer is told to do breast strokes by their coach but decides to do front crawl the coach does not praise them
• Modeling


  A procedure whereby a sample of a given behaviour is presented to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar behaviour
• Modeling example


  • When I was doing competitive horse back riding I would see other riders do certain chores differently but also seemed easier and started doing it like them
• Factors influencing effectiveness of modeling

  • People are more likely to imitate someone who is similar to them
  • One is more likely to imitate individuals perceived as competent or proficient
  • The number of individuals modeling a particular behaviour
  • Modeling is most effective when combined with appropriate instructions
• Operant stimulus discrimination training

  (a) The procedure of reinforcing a response in the presence of an S^D and extinguishing that response in the presence of an S^E, and (b) two results including: (i) good stimulus control in that the response consistently occurs to the S^D; and (ii) a stimulus discrimination in that the response occurs to the S^D
• Operant stimulus discrimination training example


  • When a swimmer learns to breast stroke without a current but then has to break stroke with a current
• Operant stimulus generalization


  (a) The procedure of reinforcing a response in the presence of a stimulus or situation; and (b) the result that the response becomes more probable not only in that situation but also in the presence of another stimulus or situation
• Operant stimulus generalization example

  • When a new swimmer calls a front stroke and a breast stroke the same thing
• Form (or topography) of behaviour


  One of the dimensions of behaviour
• Form of behaviour example


  • When a volleyball only ever wants to bump/pass the ball instead of setting it to someone so they can hit it
• Frequency of behaviour


  The number of repetitions that can occur
• Frequency of behaviour example


  • How long a volleyball player will practice tipping
• Duration of behaviour


  The length of time a player might spend on a certain skill
• Duration of behaviour example

  • When it comes to riding you need to practice your 2-point position before jumping
• Intensity (or force) of behaviour


  How much force a player has behind their movement
• Intensity of behaviour example

  • How much force a volleyball player has when hitting a ball
• Latency of behaviour


  The reaction time a player has
• Latency of behaviour example


  • When the whistle blows for swimmers to start their laps until the time the swimmer has started
• Shaping


  1. Step 1: Identify the final target behaviour

  2. Step 2: Identify a starting behaviour that approximates the target behaviour

  3. Step 3: Reinforce successive approximations from the starting behaviour to the final target behaviour across trials
• Shaping example


  • A volleyball player hitting the ball with intensity for a serve so no one is able to get it
  • When a volleyball player tries to block the other opponent from being able to see when their player is serving
  • When the coach is praising their volleyball player for making an ace
• Fading


  When a coach gradually decreases prompts across trials until the beginner is able to perform the skill correctly without any instrumental prompts
• Fading example


  • When a rider's coach is coaching them through every step coming up to a jump such as heels down, counting your stride, etc, and then eventually you start to do it yourself and the coach no longer needs to
• Prompt


  A supplement antecedent stimulus provided to increase the likelihood that a desired behaviour will occur, but that it is not the final stimulus that will occur
• Prompt example


  • A volleyball coach might model on how to do a jump serve and slowly stop
• Graduated guidance


  You don't need to have to help with physical guidance
• Fading vs Shaping


  With shaping you are doing it across time, with a stimulus that stays the same, while a response gradually changes. With fading the stimulus will gradually change while the response will stay the same.
• Behavioural chain


  A consistent sequence of stimuli and responses that follow each other closely in time, and which terminates in a reinforcer
• Behavioural chain example


  • When a volleyball player takes the right steps in the approach of serving. Such as throwing the ball up, stepping into the serve, and swinging your arm and following through
• Total-task chaining strategy


  1. List the sequence of response (or components of stimulus-response links) in the order in which they should occur in the chain.

  2. Arrange practice opportunities in which the athlete is instructed to perform the entire sequence in the proper order on each occasion.

  3. Provide corrective feedback and positive reinforcement as needed until the chain occurs correctly several times in succession.
• Shaping vs Chaining


  If a new desired behaviour does not occur then you want to take the route of shaping. When behaviours are there but don't occur consistently then chaining is more appropriate to do.