Crop Science

• Agriculture


  Systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under useful management of man
• Crop Science


  A discipline dealing with the scientific approaches to improve the quality of crops and their management for more economical production
• Agronomy


  Deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils
• Horticulture


  The concept of gardens or plants within an enclosure is distinct from the culture of field crops
• Pastoral stage

  • Hunting and fishing are the dominant means for gathering food
• Middle stone age (from 800 B.C.)


  • Use of bow and arrow
  • Catching, drying and storage of fish
  • Stored seeds, nuts and fruits
• Divisions of plants


  • Spermatophyta (seed-bearing plants with true flowers)
  • Gymnosperms (seed-bearing plants with naked seeds)
  • Angiosperms (seeds enclosed in a vessel)
  • Thallophyta (algae, bacteria and fungi)
  • Bryophyta (small green plants without true roots or flowers)
  • Pteridophyta (green plants with vascular tissue, true roots, and usually distinct leaves and stems)
• Agronomic Crops or Field Crops

  Annual herbaceous plants that are grown on the farm under a system of "extensive" or large-scale culture
• Cereal


  Derived from the name of the most important grain deity, the Roman Goddess Ceres
• Fiber crops


  Sources of fiber, including kenaf, jute, ramie, cotton
• Root and tuber crops


  Rich sources of carbohydrate, including cassava, sweet potato, potato
• Legume


  Plants whose fruit is enclosed in a pod
• Pulse


  Refers only to the dried seed
• Cover crop


  Grown primarily to provide ground cover to improve soil properties, control erosion and or control weeds
• Companion crop


  Crop planted in proximity to another due to the benefits it confer to the other plant (insect-repelling qualities)
• Soilage


  Forage crops which are cut when green and succulent and are fed to livestock without curing
• Silage


  Crops harvested, processed and stored in succulent condition for feeds to livestock
• Green manure


  Crops (usually legumes) grown for a specific period and then plowed under and incorporated into the soil to improve soil fertility
• Catch crop


  Fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or between successive plantings of a main crop
• Trap crop


  A plant grown to protect the main crop from biotic and abiotic factors
• Pre-colonial stages of Philippine agriculture

  • Slash and burn type
  • Food scarcity
• Colonial stages of Philippine agriculture

  • Hacienda system
  • Plant introduction of mulberry and cacao
• Post war stages of Philippine agriculture

  • Establishment of IRRI
  • Exports of coco by products
• Centers of origin


  • Arrowroot and bread fruit - India, Indochina and the Pacific Island
  • Ginseng and Persimmon - Chinese
  • Olive and Fig - Near Eastern
  • Eggplant and Sorhgum - African
• Centers of production by region/province

  • Corn - Ilocos region and Mindanao
  • Rice - Central and Southern Luzon
  • Sugarcane - Bukidnon
  • Coconut - Quezon
  • Banana - Davao Del Norte
• Prokaryotic cells


  Organisms lack membrane-bounded nuclei and other membrane bounded organelles, of which the bacteria and blue green algae are examples
• Eukaryotic cells


  Possess organelles bounded by membrane like nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria, the plants, the animals, the fungi
• Cell wall


  The non-living portion of a cell; made up of cellulose, pectic substances and lignins. It protects the protoplast, provides external structure and in some tissues (e.g. bark and wood) may act as strong support the plants
• Protoplasm


  The living portion of a cell
• Nucleus


  The cell governor
• Organelles in cytoplasm


  • Vacuoles
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi bodies or dictyosomes
  • Lysosomes
• Types of plastids


  • Chloroplasts
  • Chromoplasts
  • Leucoplast
• Dermal tissue


  Often called epidermis which is a single layer that forms protective skin
• Nectaries


  Occur on various parts of the plant. In flowers, they are called floral nectaries and they secrete nectar that attracts for pollination
• Hydathodes


  Secrete pure water. Droplets of water may form along leaf margins of certain plants due to secretory activities
• Salt glands


  Found in plants the grow in desert or brackish areas
• Osmophores


  Secrete fragrance in flowers. The repulsive odor of aroids is attributed to the ammonia secreted by osmophores
• Digestive glands


  Found in insect-eating (insectivorous) plants, e.g., pitcher plant
• Adhesive cells


  Secrete materials that aid attachment between host and parasite. Ex. Sundew plant
• Mucilage cells


  Slimly secretions found the growing tip of roots and believed to aid the passage of roots through the soil