nutrition

• Nutrients


  these are organic and inorganic chemicals found in food required for proper body functioning.

  • water
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
  • vitamins
• Variables affecting an individual's calorie need:

  • age and growth
  • gender
  • climate
  • sleep
  • activity
  • fever
  • illness
• Food and fluid intake regulating mechanisms hypothalamus:

  • thirst
  • hunger
  • appetite
  • satiety
• thirst


  triggered by loss of fluid of more than 2%
• hunger


  triggered by low blood glucose level
• appetite


  triggered by site, smell, and thought of food.
• satiety


  triggered by gastric distention
• Calcium


  necessary for bone and teeth formation.
• Common MInerals

  • Calcium
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Iron
  • Iodine
• potassium


  promotes fluid and electrolyte balance; major cation in the intracellular fluids
• Sodium


  responsible for maintaining balance; major in cation in the extracellular.
• Iron


  Most abundant trace element in the body.
• Iodine


  participates in the synthesis of thyroxine
• Hypercalcemia


  excess calcium
• Hypocalcemia


  low calcium
• Hypokalemia


  low, apathy, muscular weakness
• Hyperkalemia


  high, weakening of cardiac contraction
• Hyponatremia


  low sodium
• Nutritional Status Assessment


  Obtaining potential or current problems associated with nutrition
• Physical assessment


  assessment of physique and general well being.
• Laboratory Data


  used in nutritional asessment
• Anthropometric Data


  measurement for body size and composition.
• Obesity


  persons BMI exceeds 30
• Emaciation


  Prolonged weight loss
• Anorexia


  loss of appetite due to sickness
• Nausea


  usually perceived by vitamins
• Vomiting

  loss of stomach contents through the mouth
• Emesis

  vomitus — substance vomited
• Retching


  the act of vomiting without producing vomit
• Regurgitation


  bringing stomach contents to the throat and mouth without the effort of vomiting.
• Projectile Vomiting


  vomiting with great force, associated with disease.
• Stomach Diet


  results from swallowing air
• Eructation


  (belching) discharge of gas from stomach
• Flatus


  Gas formed in the intestines release from the rectum.
• Planning

  1. position
  2. provide good oral care measures
  3. suction the mouth as needed
  4. relieve the sensation of nausea
  5. replace fluid
  6. observe for potential complications
• Therapeutic Diets

  1. Regular Diet
  2. Liquid Diet
  3. Soft Diet
  4. Diabetic Diet
  5. Calorie Controlled Diet
  6. Low Cholesterol Diet