nutr chapter 12

• vitamins- essential organic compounds needed in small amounts
• fat soluble vitamins are a, d, e, k
• water soluble vitamins are b vitamins are vitamin c
• fat soluble vitamins aren't readily excreted by the body
• water soluble vitamins are readily excreted by the body
• vitamin a consists of retinoids and carotenoids
• retinoids are the bioactive form of vitamin a
• cartenoids are provitamins that can be converted into vitamin a
• retinoids can be found in liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, and eggs
• cartenoids can be found in dark green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables
• functions of vitamin a are growth, development, cell differentiation, vision, and immune function
• vitamin a deficiency leads to night blindness
• vitamin a toxicity in pregnant women leads to teratogenic which causes spontaneous abortion and birth defects
• vitamin d2 is called ergocalciferol in foods
• calcitrol is the bioactive form of cholecalciferol
• vitamin d deficiency can cause rickets and ostemalacia
• rickets is abnormal mineralization of bones in children
• osteomalacia is the poor calcification of newly synthesized bones in adults
• the most active form of vitamin e is alpha-tocopherol
• vitamin e is a part of the antioxidant network which function to regulate free radicals and prevent the damage they cause
• the two types of vitamin k are phylloquinones and menaquinones
• phylloquinones comes from plants
• menaquinones comes from fish oils, meats, and bacteria in the large intestine
• vitamin k sources are green veggies
• vitamin k deficiency can happen in newborns or with prolonged antibiotic use