Salients

• Caraga state university is located in Ampayon, Butuan City 8600, Philippines and the URL is www.carsu.edu.ph
• Corazon Aquino became the unified opposition's presidential candidate when Ferdinand E. Marcos unexpectedly called for presidential elections


  February 1986
• Aquino was inaugurated and proclaimed Corazon Aquino as the Philippines' rightful president


  February 25, 1986
• Aquino proclaimed a provisional constitution and soon thereafter appointed a commission to write a new constitution

  March 1986
• The resulting document, which restored the bicameral Congress, was ratified by a landslide popular vote in February 1987
• According to the president, the new constitution should be truly reflective of the aspiration and ideals of the Filipino people

  
• The 1987 Philippine Constitution took effect, which is the date of its ratification in the plebiscite held on that same date


  February 2, 1987

  
• The constitution begins with a preamble and 18 self-contained articles
• The Philippines is established as a democratic republican state where sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them
• The constitution allocates governmental powers among the executive, legislative and the judicial branches of the government
• The Constitution is a social contract, the very basis of the decision to constitute a civil society or State, breathing life to its juridical existence, laying down the framework by which it is to be governed, enumerating and limiting its powers and declaring certain fundamental rights and principles to be inviolable
• The Constitution is the body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised
• The Constitution is a written instrument enacted by the direct action of the people by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited, and defined, and by which those powers are distributed among the several departments
• Branches of the Philippine government

  • Executive
  • Legislative
  • Judicial
• Separation of powers means that the legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the executive, settlement of legal controversies to the judiciary
• Division and Assignment is to prevent from invading the domain of others and to prevent the concentration of authority in one person or group of persons that might lead to irreparable error or abuse in its exercise detriment to republican institutions
• The president


  The chief executive and the head of the state, but his power is limited by significant checks from the two other co-equal branches of government especially during times of emergency
• In case of national emergency, the president may still declare martial law, but no longer than a period of sixty days. Congress through a majority vote can revoke this decision or extend it for a period that they determine. The Supreme Court may also review the declaration of martial law and decide if there were sufficient justifying facts for the act
• The president and the vice-president are elected at large by a direct vote, serving a single six-year term
• The Legislative Branch


  • 24 senators elected by large by popular vote and can serve no more than two consecutives six-year terms
  • House of Representative is composed of district representatives representing a particular their geographic area and makes up around 80% of the total number of representatives
• The Judicial Branch


  • Supreme Court
  • Court of Appeals
  • Sandiganbayan
  • Court of Tax Appeals
  • Shari'a District Courts
  • Regional Trial Courts
  • Metropolitan Trial Courts
  • Municipal Trial Courts in town
  • Municipal Trial Courts in the Cities
  • Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
  • Shari'a Circuit Courts
• The Judicial system is also called the Court System, interprets and applies laws in the name of the state, and is often tasked to ensure equal justice under the law
• The Philippines is a democratic and republican State, where sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them
• The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people, and the government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil service
• No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws
• The 1987 Philippine Constitution restored the freedom of speech and to form an association
• Nery, I., Sion, PJ., Dolina, V. (2019). Reading in Philippine History. Paranaque City, Philippines: JTCA Publishing.

  constituteproject.org Philippines's Constitution of 1987. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Philippines_1987.pdf

  
• https://thedefiant.net/in-memory-of-the-separation-of-powers-of-the-philippine-government/


  https://thedefiant.net/in-memory-of-the-separation-of-powers-of-the-philippine-government/
• Caraga state university is located at Ampayon, Butuan City 8600, Philippines and the URL is www.carsu.edu.ph
• The Malolos Constitution was approved by the Malolos Congress
• Malolos Congress


  • Composed of 85 Filipinos who were considered as the most intelligent men in the country
  • Met in a revolutionary congress at Barasoain Church
  • Approved the independence of the Philippines
  • Started drafting the constitution
• Malolos Constitution


  • Drafted by a committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano
  • First republican constitution in Asia
  • Inspired by the constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgium and France
• Approval of the Malolos Constitution


  1. Approved by the Malolos Congress on November 29, 1898

  2. Presented to President Aguinaldo and returned to the Congress for amendments on December 1, 1898

  3. Approved by President Aguinaldo and formally adopted by the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899
• Malolos Republic


  • Inaugurated on January 23, 1899 at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan
  • Emilio Aguinaldo took oath of office as president
  • Constitution read article by article
  • Followed by a military parade
• Apolinario Mabini


  Elected as prime minister
• Cabinet secretaries


  • Teodoro Sandico, interior
  • Baldomero Aguinaldo, war
  • Gen. Mariano Trias, finance
  • Apolinario Mabini, foreign affairs
  • Gracio Gonzaga for welfare
  • Aguedo Velarde, public instruction
  • Maximo Paterno, public works & communication
  • Leon María Guerrero for agriculture, trade & commerce
• The Malolos Republic had a free press
• Antonio Luna and other Filipinos ran an independent newspaper called "La Independencia"
• There was also free press in Manila and Cebu but the official newspaper of the government was called "El Heraldo de la Revolution"
• Diplomats of the Malolos Republic

  • Felipe Agoncillo was the first Filipino diplomat who was sent to Paris and Washington to work for the recognition of the Philippine independence
  • There were also diplomats in Japan, England, France and Australia