Case studies

• Where is Odisha located?

  South east coast of India, boardering the Bay of Bengal.
• Explain the environment and the opportunities in Odisha?

  Has a a wide variety of biodiversity such as flora and fauna including mangroves & sun dunes. There are also large stocks of fish, marine animals, reptiles etc.
• What are the opportunities along Odisha's coastline?

  Social, flat land for settlements meaning high density and urbanisation have occurred

  Economic- The coats has significantly minerals and also opportunities for offshore oil and natural gas mining, there is high employment of people in fishing and aquaculture

  Environment - Biodiversity as mentioned, tourism through Chillika lake
• But what are the risks are there for humans in Odisha?

  Coastal communities are increasing vulnerable to increasing sea levels, the frequency of cyclones, Cyclone Phailian struck and killed 44 people and led to al loss of 700,000 usd>

  Increased risks of storm surges
• What are the environmental rates in Odisha?

  36% of the coast is eroding only 14% is stable, most engineering is in the south because of hard engineering, areas with mangroves have 50% higher accretion found from an assessment of shoreline change in 2011.
• How many mangroves did Odisha have 50 years ago

  an average of 5.1km
• How many mangroves on average today?

  1.2km
• Name some stakeholders involved in The IZCM

  Green peace India / Odisha tourism development corporation and Odisha state disaster management authority
• Issues raised by the IZCM

  Biodiversity conservation

  Vulnerable to disaster

  coastal erosions

  pollution
• what does the IZCM plan to do?

  Integrate new forms of coastal management to protect sustainability new wave breakers and dune stabilisation south and in the north a new sea wall
• what soft management is used in odisha

  mangroves and beach nourishment
• what hard engineering does Odisha use

  • sea-walls
  • groynes
  • breakwater
  • geotextiles sand tube
• where are the sea walls in odisha

  In areas in the bya of Bengal, high value and ports
• where are groynes in Odisha

  used to stabilise the beaches all other, however ha sled to negative sediment budgets in some areas.
• Where are geotextile sand tubes

  In less economically developed areas like Pentha Village used to protect the coastline from erosion, they are flexible, cost-effective, and they used locally sourced material,
• what are the negative sof geotextile sand tubes

  not as resistant as other forms, can be damaged in storms, and also require regular maintenance to remain effective
• soft engineering strategies on the Holderness coat

  • beach nourishment
  • managed retreat
  • beach reprofiling
  • dune restoration
  • wh
• where is managed retreat occurring

  Managed retreat is happening in Kilnsea
• what is the issue with managed retreat

  allows areas to flood and erode natrually, while moving infatructure backwards inland, this can produce natiral wetland areas like salt marshes which are natural barriers against erosion

  However cause property loss
• how has dune restoration happened on the Holderness coast

  Stabilising sand dunes by planting vegetation and using other management, e.g Christmas trees at spurn point
• What are the hard engineering management used in Holderness

  - sea walls in hornsea to protect populated tourists towns

  • groynes in mappleton howeever this leads to terminal groyne syndrome
• what leads to high erosional rates and risk

  - geology the cliffs are made out of bouldar clay which erodes at 1.8 metres average there is also slumping due to sand and clay becoming saturated

  • urbanisation, leads to the removal of vegetation whihc worsens slumping
  • human managmet have exvcpaeing risk
  • human population have also turned rsk into hazard
  • xlimate chnage
• what physical processes lead to 1.8 meters of annual erosion in Holderness?

  • weather - in winter England's climate leads to harsh rainfall and also storm surges, which leads to weathering and erosion
  • waves
  • geology - leads to differential rates of erosion
• what is the issue in sefton

  Historic dune sites being eroded due to human ctivity, this leads to loss of a natural barrier
• what was the rate of erosion to the dunes in sefton

  4.5 metres annually
• what are the causes of erosion in Sefton

  • knock on feedback from areas within the sediment cell such as porta activities in Liverpool
  • offroad vechiles on dune
  • human activity on dunes
  • dredging of the beach and local sediment supply
• what are the physical cause of erosion in Sefton

  high tides and storms and also climate chaneg
• what are the management strategies in sefton to reduce erosion

  • planting xmas trees on dune edge
  • controlling dreding and sediment cell
  • controlling human activitis -  fencing, boardwalks, signage, wooden posts infront of the dunes, ranger services, 
• What is the benefits of planting christmas trees

  dune stabilisation -traps the sand and encourages dune regeneration,