COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

• communicable (infectious) disease

  disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another
• non-communicable diseases

  not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another
• pathogens

  micro-organisms that cause disease
• sexually transmitted disease (STD)

  transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person by unprotected sexual contact
• vaccine

  dead or inactive pathogenic material unused in a vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person
• virus

  pathogens that are much smaller than bacteria and can only reproduce inside living cells of other organisms
• ways in which infectious diseases can be spread:

  • droplets in the air - cold, flu
  • direct contact - STD, cold sores, athlete foot
  • blood contact - HIV/AIDS, hepatitis
  • infected water and food - salmonella, norovirus
  • vector (animal that spreads the pathogen from person to person) - malaria, zika virus, sleeping sickness (transmitted by mosquitoes and teste fly)
• viral diseases in humans:

  • measles
  • small pox
  • flu
  • chicken pox
  • HIV/AIDS
• viral diseases in plants:

  • tobacco mosaic virus
  • plum pox
  • tomato spotted wilt
  • cucumber mosaic virus
  • potato virus xty
• what cell is a bacterial cell?

  prokaryotic - it doesn't have a nucleus or other cellular organelles
• how can you prevent the spread of droplet infections?

  • wear a mask
  • use a tissue when sneezing
  • cough into your elbow/hand
• how can you prevent the spread of direct contact transmission?

  • wash your hands
  • wear protection during sex
• how can you prevent the spread of contaminated food and water transmission?

  • wash hands if handling different foods
• how can you prevent the spread of blood contact transmission?

  • use clean unused needles
  • wear PPE
• preventing disease - skin:

  • excellent barrier to infection
  • produces secretions
  • covered with bacteria that help prevent pathogens casueing infections
• preventing disease - eyes:

  • produce tears that contain lysozyme that kills bacteria
• preventing disease - stomach:

  • produces hydrochloric acid that kills bacteria you swallow
• preventing disease - nose, trachea and bronchi:

  • covered in tiny hairs called cilia that produce mucus
  • the mucus traps dust and microbes that you breath in
  • the cilia wafts them to your mouth and you swallow them
• PHAGOCYTOSIS step 1:

  • macrophage (type of white blood cell)
  • bacteria
• PHAGOCYTOSIS step 2:

  • macrophage engulfs the bacteria
• PHAGOCYTOSIS step 3:

  • digestive enzyme is secreted into the vesicle to digest the bacteria
• PHAGOCYTOSIS step 4:

  • digested bacteria get absorbed into the cytoplasm
• is paracetamol a painkiller of an antibiotic?

  painkiller
• is penicillin a painkiller or an antibiotic?

  antibiotic