TCWD

• The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the East (Soviet Union and China) and the West (United States and their allies)
• The end of the Cold War led to the break-up of the Soviet Union
• Global North


  Developed countries, including all members of the G8 and four of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, such as the United States, Canada, Western Europe, developed parts of Asia, Australia and New Zealand
• Global South


  Largely corresponds with the Third World, including Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East
• The Brandt Report (1983) defined the division between the Global North (developed countries) and the Global South (developing countries)
• Members of the G8


  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Japan
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Russia
  • The European Union
• The G8 forum was founded in the early 1970s to facilitate macroeconomic initiatives following the collapse of the exchange rate in 1971
• Countries in the Global North

  • America
  • South Korea
  • Canada
  • Singapore
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • Europe
  • New Zealand
• Countries in the Global South

  • Philippines
  • Malaysia
  • Haiti
  • Lebanon
  • Chad
  • Brazil
• Characteristics of the Global North

  • 1/4 of the world's people
  • Average life expectancy more than 70 years
  • Most people have enough to eat
  • Most people are educated
  • Over 90% of the world's manufacturing industry
• Characteristics of the Global South

  • 3/4 of the world's people
  • Average life expectancy of 50 years
  • 1/5 or more suffer from hunger and malnutrition
  • 1/2 of the people have little chance of any education
  • Less than 10% of the world's manufacturing industry
• The North-with one quarter of the world population-controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North. Inversely, the South-with three quarters of the world population-has access to one-fifth of the world income.
• The South's lack of development and the high level of development of the North deepen the inequality between them and leave the South a source of raw material for the developed countries.
• Characteristics of the Global South

  • Lacks of appropriate technology, no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and the foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports
• The regulation of policies and laws is the way to attract investors to the Global South
• Dependency Theory (Structuralism)


  The inability of a nation's economy to complete the cycle of capital accumulation without reliance on an outside economy
• Reasons why the world is unequal today

  • Colonialism
  • Trade
  • Debt
• Globalization has challenged the notion of two distinct economic spheres, as the economic status of the South has become fractured, with all but roughly the bottom 60 nations of the Global South gaining on the North in terms of income, diversification, and participation in the world market as of 2015.
• UN Millennium Development Goals for developing programs

  • Improving health care
  • Promoting gender equality
  • Ensuring environmental sustainability
• Some economists have argued that international free trade and unhindered capital flows across countries could lead to a contraction in the North-South divide
• Regions


  Groups of countries located in the same geographically specified area
• Regionalization


  The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions
• Regionalism


  A political ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area, usually due to political separations, religion, geography, cultural boundaries, and linguistic regions
• Reasons why countries form regional associations

  • Military defense
  • Economic crisis
  • Resources
  • Protection of independence
• ASEAN


  Association of Southeast Asian Nations, established in 1967 with founding members Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, later expanding to include Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

  An intergovernmental organization founded in 2001 by China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, later expanding to include India and Pakistan as full members, with Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, and Mongolia as observer states, and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Turkey as dialogue partners
• SAARC


  South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, established in 1985 with members Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, later expanding to include Afghanistan
• APEC


  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, a forum of 21 member economies aiming to create greater prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region
• Other economic organizations in Asia

  • Asia Investment Infrastructure Bank
  • Asian Development Bank
  • Columbo Plan
  • South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
  • Arab Maghreb Union (UMA)
  • Arab Monetary Fund
  • Cooperation Council for Arab States in the Gulf
  • Islamic Development Bank
  • League of Arab States (Arab League)
• How can regionalism benefit Asia?

  • Connect the region's capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of capital, and improve opportunities for sharing risks
  • Cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies to minimize the effects of global and regional shocks and facilitate the resolution of global imbalances
  • Pool the region's foreign exchange reserves to make more resources available for investment and development
  • Exercise leadership in global decision-making to sustain the open global trade and financial systems
  • Create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and environmental issues better
• How can Asian regionalism benefit the world?

  • Generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition that boost economic growth and raise incomes across the world
  • Contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial markets by making Asian capital markets stronger and safer, and by maximizing the productive use of Asian savings
  • Diversify sources of global demand, helping to stabilize the world economy and diminish the risks posed by global imbalances and downturns in other major economies
  • Provide leadership to help sustain open global trade and financial systems
  • Create regional mechanisms to manage health, safety, and environmental issues better, and thus contribute to more effective global solutions
• Macroeconomics


  Studying inflation, price levels, economic growth, national income, gross domestic product (GDP), and unemployment numbers
• C = 129.5, I = 36.5, Government spending state and local = 451, Government spending federal = 325, Export = 10.5, Import = 18.3
• Globalization and media culture are two interconnected phenomena that have greatly influenced the world we live in today, with advancements in technology and communication enabling the increased exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas across countries
• C = 129.5
• I = 36.5
• Government spending state and local = 451
• Government spending federal = 325
• Export = 10.5
• Import = 18.3