tcwd finals all topic

• Demography


  The scientific study of human population, focusing on readily observable phenomena
• Demography


  • Involves examining factors such as birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, and age distributions to understand how populations grow and change
• Demographer


  A person who studies demography
• Population characteristics studied by demographers

  • Age
  • Sex
  • Race
  • Ethnicity
  • Education
  • Occupation
  • Income
  • Family structure
• Demography is an important field of study that helps us better understand the complex factors that shape human populations and societies
• World population


  The total number of human currently living
• The world population was estimated to have reached 7.9 billion as of 2023, and the United Nations estimates it will further increase to 11.8 billion by year 2100
• Factors influencing population growth

  • Birth rates
  • Death rates
  • Migration patterns
  • Access to healthcare and education
• Managing population growth is an important global issue, as it can impact a wide range of social, economic, and environmental factors, such as food security, resource depletion, and climate change
• Demographic transition


  • Historical process of change in birth rates, death rates, and population growth that occurred in today's industrialized societies, especially European societies
• Demographic transition theory


  The pattern of demographic change from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality when society progresses from a largely rural agrarian and illiterate society to a dominant urban industrial, literate, and modern society
• Static demography


  Study of the anatomy or structure of a community and their environment in a given population
• Dynamic demography


  Deals with the physiology or function of communities as regards changing patterns of mortality, fertility and migration
• Static demography provides insights into the current state of a population, but does not capture changes over time, which is necessary for understanding population dynamics
• Dynamic demography involves examining birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, and other factors that can impact a population's growth and composition
• Mortality


  The number of deaths in a given time or space
• Fertility


  The birthrate of a population
• Mortality decline is largely due to improvements in public health, medicine, and living conditions
• Advancements in medical treatments, such as antibiotics and vaccines, have helped reduce mortality rates for infectious diseases
• Improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and access to clean water have also contributed to mortality decline by reducing the spread of disease and improving overall health
• In recent decades, the continuing reduction in mortality is due to reductions in chronic and degenerative diseases, notably heart disease and cancer
• Mortality decline has significant social and economic implications, as populations tend to grow and life expectancies increase, leading to changes in family structure, workforce participation, and demand for social services
• Top 5 countries by life expectancy (2020)

  • Hong Kong (85.289 years)
  • Macao (85.51 years)
  • Japan (84.95 years)
  • Switzerland (84.38 years)
  • Singapore (84.27 years)
• The Philippines has a life expectancy of 71.6 years, while the Central African Republic has a life expectancy of 54.36 years
• Fertility transition


  The long-term decrease in the number of children born per woman in a population over time
• Before the fertility transition, most populations had high fertility rates, with women having an average of four or more children
• As societies have become more industrialized and urbanized, and as women have gained greater access to education and economic opportunities, fertility rates have declined
• The fertility transition has important social and economic implications, including changes in family size and structure, workforce participation, and demand for social services
• Between 1890 and 1920, marital fertility began to decline in most European provinces, with a median decline of about 40 percent from 1870 to 1930
• Most economic theories of fertility start with the idea that couples wish to have a certain number of surviving children, rather than births per se
• Some of the improvement in child survival is itself a response to parental decisions to invest more in the health and welfare of a smaller number of children
• Bearing and rearing children is time intensive, and parents with higher incomes choose to devote more resources to each child, leading to fewer children
• Around the year 1800, the world population was only around 1 billion people, but it has now reached around 8 billion
• Top 5 most populous countries (2024)

  • India (1.42 billion)
  • China (1.42 billion)
  • United States (337 million)
  • Indonesia (274 million)
  • Pakistan (231 million)
• Reasons why rising global population is alarming

  • Resources are decreasing
  • Land masses are being filled up by infrastructure
  • Infectious diseases start to spread from point A to B
  • Rising rates of illiterate people due to poverty
• Stages of demographic transition

  • Stage 1: High birth and death rates lead to slow population growth
  • Stage 2: The death rate falls but the birth rate remains high, leading to faster population growth
  • Stage 3: The birth rate starts to fall, so population growth starts to slow
  • Stage 4: The birth rate reaches the same low level as the death rate, so population growth slows to zero
• The Philippines is currently in Stage 2 of the demographic transition, where the death rate falls but the birth rate remains high, leading to faster population growth
• Global migration


  The movement of people across international borders to live in foreign countries, often for reasons such as job opportunities, family reunification, or seeking refuge from persecution
• Emigrants


  People who freely choose to move to another country, either temporarily or permanently, often to resettle a family, fulfill a job placement, or reprieve from situations of injustice and war
• Transportation in migration


  The various modes of transportation used by migrants to move from one place to another, including air travel, land transportation, sea travel, and other means of transportation