Pop111

• Approaches to prevention


  • Population strategy
  • High-Risk Strategy
• Population strategy


  • Approaches the population as a whole
  • Aim to reduce health risks and improve the health of all individuals
  • Useful for widespread diseases such as influenza — Immunisation
• High-Risk Strategy


  • Focuses on the individual who is high risk
  • Specific and tailored intervention to the individual needs and concerns
• Advantages and disadvantages of population and high-risk approaches

  • Population Strategy: Radical - addresses DOH
  • Large potential benefit for the whole population
  • Behaviourally appropriate
  • Low motivation
  • Small benefit for indivs.
  • Whole pop. could be exposed to the consequences of the intervention

  High Risk: Addresses issues appropriate for individuals

  • Individually motivated
  • Cost-effective use of resources
  • Good benefit-to-risk ratio
  • Cost of screening is needed to test for individuals
  • Temporary effect of screening
  • Limited potential
  • Behaviourally inappropriate as it singles individuals out against social norms
• Health promotion


  • Acts on DOH
  • Health and Wellbeing focus
  • Empowers health
  • Involves whole pop in everyday contexts
• Strands of the Ottawa Charter


  • Health is a fundamental right for each person
  • Requires collective and individual responsibility
  • Opportunity to have good health should be equally available
  • Good health is an essential element of social and economic development

  
• 3 basic strategies of the Ottawa Charter


  • Enable
  • Advocate
  • Mediate
• Enable


  To provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices through access to information, life skills and supportive environments
• Advocate


  To create favourable political, economic, social, cultural, and physical environments by promoting health and focusing on achieving equity in health
• Mediate


  To bring together individuals, groups and parties with opposing interests to work together/come to a compromise to promote health
• 5 promotion action areas of the Ottawa Charter


  • Develop personal skills
  • Strengthen community action
  • Create supportive environments
  • Reorients health services towards Primary Health Care
  • Build healthy public policy

  
• Levels of disease prevention

  • Primary: Limit the occurrence of disease by controlling specific causes and risk factors
  • Secondary: Early detection to reduce more severe consequences of disease
  • Tertiary: Reduces the complications of the established disease

  
• Disease Prevention looks at particular diseases and ways of preventing them
• Primary prevention


  Reduces disease incidence
• Secondary prevention


  Reduces prevalence
• Tertiary prevention


  Reduces the complications of the established disease
• Te Pae Mahutonga - 4 central key tasks

  • Mauriora - Access to Te Ao Maori
  • Waiora - Environmental Protection
  • Toiora - Healthy lifestyles
  • Te Oranga - Participation in society
• Te Pae Mahutonga - 2 pre-requisites

  • Nga Manukura - Leadership (Health professional and Community Leadership)
  • Te Mana Whakahaere - Autonomy (Capacity for self-governance, community control and enabling political environments)
• Te Pae Mahutonga is a Maori Health Promotion model based on the Southern Cross
• Maori Health Promotion


  Process of enabling Maori to increase control over the DOH and strengthen their identity as Maori, improving their health and SEP
• Te Pae Mahutonga is led and designed by Maori, for Maori
• Te Pae Mahutonga promotes self-determination and control
• Te Pae Mahutonga is based on valid models, frameworks and concepts
• Te Pae Mahutonga uses contemporary tools and methods
• Te Pae Mahutonga allows for diverse realities
• Te Pae Mahutonga focuses on the Determinants of Health
• Te Pae Mahutonga is evidence-based
• Using Te Pae Mahutonga for non-Maori


  • Share expertise
  • Enable and support Maori leadership
• Health promotion needs to address the Determinants of Health
• Mainstream health promotion interventions have generally been less effective for Maori
• Maori have distinct historical/social/cultural contexts; one size fits all don't work
• Te Pae Mahutonga is a Maori model of health promotion
• The principles of Maori health promotion may be applicable in whole population approaches