condition of China in 1936

• defentions:

  • concubines: woman who lives+ has sex with a man but has lower status than his wife
  • Guomindang/GMD: nationalist party created shortly after the 1911 revolution,which ruled China until the communist takeover
• what are the consequences of the 21 demands+ the treaty of versaille?

  • the japanese now had more rights that allowed them to exploit manchuria+inner mongolia
  • japanese police+economic advisers were stationed in northern china
  • in effect, the japanese now had strong control over the economic output of manchuria, as well as strong economic influence in the north of China
• what did the japanese want in manchuria?

  • lucrative mineral resources-coal and iron
  • they already had control of neighbouring korea, so this would be a good way to extend their influence into china
• shanghai and Japan?

  • japanese took shanghai in january 1932 to retailiate.
  • Chinese forces then engaged in a limited + undeclared shanghai war against Japan in the same year
• how did the japanese legitimise thier claim over manchuria?

  • they installed the last Qing emperor, Pu Yi, as the ruller of manchuria
• background + early life?

  • jiang was born into a merchant family in 1887, in the provence of zheijing(a welathy area)
  • grew up surrounded by conflict with britain, and rebellonns against the Qing Dynasty
  • in 1907, he began his education at a Japanese military college, where he developed an interest in politics
  • he returned to china in 1911, and joined the revolutionary forces(sun yatsen 1911 revolt) as well as the Kuomintang party
• Jiang Jieshis beliefs and aims?

  • he believed revolution was necessary to rid China of its old imperialist system
  • nationalist- loyalty+devotion to a nation
  • drew beliefs from old confucianist values
• membership of GMD?

  • jiang was appointed by sun yatsen as the leader of the republics national revolutionary army(NRA) shortlly before sun's death in 1925
  • he became the face of the northern expedition
• role in china by 1936?

  • commander-in-chief+chairman of the national military council in the NRA(power+influence in the military)
  • leader of the GMD party (political influence)
• nature of Jiang's power base?

  • group of loyalists called the blue shirts who were trained at the whompa military academy
  • in 1927, he married soong-mei-ling the american educated daughter of a rich shanghai businessman
  • his wife's sisters were married to sun yatsen + a rich financier called t.v.soong ( made financier) finance minister of his government in 1928
• how did jiang remove his opposition?

  • strict censorship of press, books+the cinema
  • education system was controlled through compulsory subjects+strict examinations. hundreds of students were shot from 1934-1935 for being 'radicals'
• what was the limits on his control?

  • manchuria controlled by japan
  • due to the corrupt tax collectors, very little of the revenue collected made it to the central government
• what are the three principles of the people?

  • 3 fundamental beliefs of the party, created by sun yatsen
  • they included, nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood.
• to what extent did facism influence Jiang Jieshi?

  • discipline, obedience+ hierarchy of the italian+german fascist regiemes appealed to him, and prompited him to create his own paramilitary group;society for persistent conduct(blue shirts)
  • never established a mass political party that was mainly focused on fascism. party always close knit+exclusive